{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082524889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130506","title":"Facial action unit detection using kernel partial least squares","display_name":"Facial action unit detection using kernel partial least squares","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082524889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130506","mag":"2082524889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006308425","display_name":"Tobias Gehrig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Gehrig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131, P.O. Box 6980 Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131, P.O. Box 6980 Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009982931","display_name":"Haz\u0131m Kemal Ekenel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3697-8548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazim Kemal Ekenel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131, P.O. Box 6980 Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131, P.O. Box 6980 Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006308425"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4986,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88586912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2010","issue":null,"first_page":"2092","last_page":"2099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.8152625560760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.7623723745346069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7288870215415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7159665822982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6854341626167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5897535085678101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","score":0.5484217405319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.42104658484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3268721103668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19442787766456604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.8152625560760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.7623723745346069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7288870215415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7159665822982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6854341626167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5897535085678101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.5484217405319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.42104658484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3268721103668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19442787766456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20683381","https://openalex.org/W414188911","https://openalex.org/W1535298460","https://openalex.org/W1553050941","https://openalex.org/W1563991709","https://openalex.org/W1585406901","https://openalex.org/W1596088243","https://openalex.org/W1998704194","https://openalex.org/W2019041628","https://openalex.org/W2030899956","https://openalex.org/W2031614119","https://openalex.org/W2033773055","https://openalex.org/W2056571647","https://openalex.org/W2090495691","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2106390385","https://openalex.org/W2106480581","https://openalex.org/W2108445559","https://openalex.org/W2111916431","https://openalex.org/W2116646725","https://openalex.org/W2118286367","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2127462305","https://openalex.org/W2129106196","https://openalex.org/W2137225583","https://openalex.org/W2141660036","https://openalex.org/W2143899944","https://openalex.org/W2146656095","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2159668072","https://openalex.org/W2404828688","https://openalex.org/W2490363635","https://openalex.org/W2534262995","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W4242917542","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6632133026","https://openalex.org/W6633615107"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989457222","https://openalex.org/W2158863190","https://openalex.org/W2770989956","https://openalex.org/W2359803370","https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W4386765169","https://openalex.org/W4395700389","https://openalex.org/W2380916892","https://openalex.org/W2229792849","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5],"framework":[6],"for":[7],"simultaneously":[8],"detecting":[9],"the":[10,27,41,49,64,70,93,99,123],"presence":[11],"of":[12,29,98],"multiple":[13],"facial":[14],"action":[15],"units":[16],"using":[17],"kernel":[18],"partial":[19],"least":[20],"square":[21],"regression":[22],"(KPLS).":[23],"This":[24],"method":[25],"has":[26],"advantage":[28],"being":[30,44],"easily":[31],"extensible":[32],"to":[33,51,149],"learn":[34],"more":[35],"face":[36],"related":[37],"labels,":[38],"while":[39],"at":[40],"same":[42],"time":[43],"computationally":[45],"efficient.":[46],"We":[47,134],"compare":[48],"approach":[50,95,125],"linear":[52],"and":[53,59,69,110,114,130],"non-linear":[54],"support":[55],"vector":[56],"machines":[57],"(SVM)":[58],"evaluate":[60],"its":[61],"performance":[62],"on":[63,108,112,128,132],"extended":[65],"Cohn-Kanade":[66],"(CK+)":[67],"dataset":[68],"GEneva":[71],"Multimodal":[72],"Emotion":[73],"Portrayals":[74],"(GEMEP-FERA)":[75],"dataset,":[76],"as":[77,79],"well":[78],"across":[80],"databases.":[81],"It":[82,116],"is":[83,139],"shown":[84],"that":[85,137],"KPLS":[86,138],"achieves":[87,117],"around":[88,118],"2%":[89],"absolute":[90,120],"improvement":[91,121],"over":[92,122],"SVM-based":[94,124,146],"in":[96],"terms":[97],"two":[100],"alternative":[101],"forced":[102],"choice":[103],"(2AFC)":[104],"score":[105],"when":[106,126],"trained":[107,127,148],"CK+":[109,113],"tested":[111,131],"GEMEP-FERA.":[115],"6%":[119],"GEMEP-FERA":[129],"CK+.":[133],"also":[135],"show":[136],"handling":[140],"non-additive":[141],"AU":[142],"combinations":[143],"better":[144],"than":[145],"approaches":[147],"detect":[150],"single":[151],"AUs":[152],"only.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}