{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024241221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2009.5457638","title":"Semantic classification by covariance descriptors within a randomized forest","display_name":"Semantic classification by covariance descriptors within a randomized forest","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024241221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2009.5457638","mag":"2024241221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw.2009.5457638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2009.5457638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCV Workshops","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051367010","display_name":"Stefan Kluckner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Kluckner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Austria","Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology - Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology - Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011359067","display_name":"Horst Bischof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9096-6671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horst Bischof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Austria","Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology - Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology - Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0723,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76699251,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"665","last_page":"672"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6696505546569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.6444532871246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6128177642822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5746586322784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5676852464675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5036846995353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4434354305267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36222511529922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3342803716659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21963486075401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1794392466545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13621538877487183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6696505546569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.6444532871246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6128177642822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5746586322784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5676852464675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5036846995353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4434354305267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36222511529922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3342803716659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21963486075401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1794392466545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13621538877487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw.2009.5457638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2009.5457638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCV Workshops","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.150.4240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.150.4240","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.icg.tugraz.at/Members/kluckner/pub_kluckner/3Drr-09Kluckner.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528789833","https://openalex.org/W1549083695","https://openalex.org/W1578987835","https://openalex.org/W1592510033","https://openalex.org/W1824831302","https://openalex.org/W1913356549","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1968198092","https://openalex.org/W2004695321","https://openalex.org/W2081293863","https://openalex.org/W2100588357","https://openalex.org/W2103380420","https://openalex.org/W2112421488","https://openalex.org/W2114930007","https://openalex.org/W2117741646","https://openalex.org/W2119867409","https://openalex.org/W2120240539","https://openalex.org/W2128832593","https://openalex.org/W2135931458","https://openalex.org/W2141303268","https://openalex.org/W2148596671","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W4205503054","https://openalex.org/W6631412525","https://openalex.org/W6632640995","https://openalex.org/W6634723217","https://openalex.org/W6638713260","https://openalex.org/W6639824712","https://openalex.org/W6671159763","https://openalex.org/W6678982566","https://openalex.org/W7052261358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W3135126032","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W4308716060","https://openalex.org/W4280648719","https://openalex.org/W4386937079","https://openalex.org/W4394984040"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"an":[3,124],"approach":[4,111],"to":[5,30,75,95,157,173],"perform":[6,96],"semantic":[7,166],"classification":[8,132],"in":[9,134],"aerial":[10,137],"imagery":[11],"by":[12,64],"compactly":[13],"integrating":[14],"multiple":[15],"feature":[16,99],"cues,":[17],"like":[18],"appearance":[19],"and":[20,67,79,144,154],"3D":[21,128,155,177],"height":[22],"information.":[23],"We":[24],"therefore":[25],"propose":[26],"a":[27,41,97,164],"novel":[28],"technique":[29],"incorporate":[31],"powerful":[32],"covariance":[33,68,91],"region":[34],"descriptors":[35,92],"into":[36,163],"the":[37,82,90,113,131,150,159],"decision":[38,87],"nodes":[39],"of":[40,48,59,85,127,179],"randomized":[42,86],"forest":[43],"framework":[44],"efficiently.":[45],"The":[46,70],"concept":[47],"finding":[49],"reliable":[50],"binary":[51],"splits":[52],"is":[53,73,170],"based":[54],"on":[55,112],"repeated":[56],"random":[57],"sampling":[58,71],"distributions":[60],"that":[61,169],"are":[62,93],"specified":[63],"mean":[65],"vectors":[66],"matrices.":[69],"strategy":[72,84],"related":[74],"Monte":[76],"Carlo":[77],"simulations":[78],"perfectly":[80],"fits":[81],"learning":[83],"trees,":[88],"while":[89],"exploited":[94],"plausible":[98],"cue":[100],"integration.":[101],"To":[102],"show":[103],"state-of-the-art":[104],"performance,":[105],"we":[106,121,148],"first":[107],"evaluate":[108],"our":[109],"proposed":[110],"MSRC":[114],"dataset":[115],"including":[116],"21":[117],"object":[118],"classes.":[119],"Then,":[120],"illustrate":[122],"how":[123],"additional":[125],"integration":[126],"information":[129,156],"improves":[130],"accuracy":[133],"real":[135],"world":[136],"images":[138],"taken":[139],"from":[140],"Dallas,":[141],"San":[142],"Francisco,":[143],"Graz.":[145],"In":[146],"addition,":[147],"use":[149],"available":[151],"camera":[152],"data":[153],"combine":[158],"overlapping":[160],"per-image":[161],"classifications":[162],"large-scale":[165],"description":[167],"map":[168],"directly":[171],"applicable":[172],"virtual":[174],"or":[175],"procedural":[176],"modeling":[178],"urban":[180],"environments.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
