{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414830485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01994","title":"FLOSS: Free Lunch in Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation","display_name":"FLOSS: Free Lunch in Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414830485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.10487","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015014637","display_name":"Yasser Benigmim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasser Benigmim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria","Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081682304","display_name":"Mohammad Fahes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Fahes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria","Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102828738","display_name":"Tuan-Hung Vu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-8233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I220619192","display_name":"Valeo (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ryqpf83","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuan-Hung Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria","Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","Valeo.ai (Paris - France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo.ai (Paris - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003783466","display_name":"Andrei Bursuc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-9402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I220619192","display_name":"Valeo (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ryqpf83","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Bursuc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria","ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","Valeo.ai (Paris - France)","Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo.ai (Paris - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010261257","display_name":"Raoul de Charette","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3738-1962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raoul de Charette","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria","Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Inria de Paris (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASTRA - Syst\u00e8mes de transport automatis\u00e9s et s\u00e9curis\u00e9s (48 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris - France)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"21471","last_page":"21481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5349000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-entropy","display_name":"Cross entropy","score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.3749000132083893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7128999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5349000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1685498","display_name":"Cross entropy","level":3,"score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82714645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438331","display_name":"Template","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2635999917984009}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.10487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10487","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.10487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.10487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.10487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.10487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10487","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.10487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8998021666","display_name":"Vision Through Weather","funder_award_id":"ANR-20-CE23-0016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334537","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414830485.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414830485.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,59,75,98,111],"challenge":[4],"the":[5,43,66,91,102,106,113,139],"conventional":[6,67],"practice":[7],"in":[8,117,168],"Open-Vocabulary":[9],"Semantic":[10],"Segmentation":[11],"(OVSS)":[12],"of":[13,34,38,45,95,115],"using":[14],"averaged":[15,68],"class-wise":[16,92],"text":[17],"embeddings,":[18],"which":[19],"are":[20,177],"typically":[21],"obtained":[22],"by":[23],"encoding":[24],"each":[25,53],"class":[26],"name":[27],"with":[28,160],"multiple":[29],"templates":[30,46],"(e.g.,":[31],"a":[32,36,39,77,118,173],"photo":[33],",":[35],"sketch":[37],").":[40],"We":[41],"investigate":[42],"impact":[44],"for":[47,52,141],"OVSS,":[48],"and":[49,129,164],"find":[50],"that":[51,80,149],"class,":[54],"there":[55],"exist":[56],"single-template":[57,96],"classifiers--which":[58],"refer":[60],"to":[61,71,131],"as":[62,105],"class-experts--that":[63],"significantly":[64],"outperform":[65],"classifier.":[69],"First,":[70],"identify":[72],"these":[73],"class-experts,":[74],"introduce":[76],"novel":[78],"approach":[79],"estimates":[81],"them":[82],"without":[83,138],"any":[84],"labeled":[85],"data":[86],"or":[87,144],"training.":[88,145],"By":[89],"leveraging":[90],"prediction":[93],"entropy":[94,104],"classifiers,":[97],"select":[99],"those":[100],"yielding":[101],"lowest":[103],"most":[107],"reliable":[108],"class-experts.":[109],"Second,":[110],"combine":[112],"outputs":[114],"class-experts":[116],"new":[119],"fusion":[120],"process.":[121],"Our":[122,179],"plug-and-play":[123],"method,":[124],"coined":[125],"FLOSS,":[126],"is":[127,181],"orthogonal":[128],"complementary":[130],"existing":[132],"OVSS":[133,154],"methods,":[134],"offering":[135],"an":[136],"improvement":[137],"need":[140],"additional":[142],"labels":[143],"Extensive":[146],"experiments":[147],"show":[148],"FLOSS":[150],"consistently":[151],"enhances":[152],"state-of-the-art":[153],"models,":[155],"generalizes":[156],"well":[157],"across":[158],"datasets":[159],"different":[161],"distribution":[162],"shifts,":[163],"delivers":[165],"substantial":[166],"improvements":[167],"low-data":[169],"scenarios":[170],"where":[171],"only":[172],"few":[174],"unlabeled":[175],"images":[176],"available.":[178],"code":[180],"available":[182],"at":[183],"https://github.com/yasserben/FLOSS":[184],".":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}