{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417071442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01895","title":"Bridging the Gap Between Ideal and Real-World Evaluation: Benchmarking AI-Generated Image Detection in Challenging Scenarios","display_name":"Bridging the Gap Between Ideal and Real-World Evaluation: Benchmarking AI-Generated Image Detection in Challenging Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417071442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01895","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09172","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459270","display_name":"Chunxiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2126-8319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355056","display_name":"Xiaoxiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0347-4135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100714699","display_name":"Meiling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-4271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiling Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University,Shanghai,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Boming Miao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boming Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100614088","display_name":"Peng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0095-4782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137867983","display_name":"Central University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/008e3hf02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central University of Finance and Economics,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central University of Finance and Economics,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898321","display_name":"Yunjian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0303-3671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024401174","display_name":"Xiangyang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434317","display_name":"Yao Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8518-0279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44227737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"20379","last_page":"20389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.1501999944448471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.1501999944448471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.1404000073671341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.10260000079870224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7289000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.5752999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.38119998574256897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7289000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6769000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5752999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776240099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327018","display_name":"Interrogation","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01895","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.09172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09172","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.09172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.09172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.09172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09172","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417071442.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417071442.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,47,172,184],"rapid":[2],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,55,117,174,186],"generative":[5],"models,":[6],"highly":[7],"realistic":[8],"image":[9,23],"synthesis":[10],"has":[11],"posed":[12],"new":[13],"challenges":[14],"to":[15,158,191],"digital":[16],"security":[17],"and":[18,73,76,79,83,87,90,92,142,149,182],"media":[19,122],"credibility.":[20],"Although":[21],"AI-generated":[22,166],"detection":[24,56,177,195],"methods":[25,178],"have":[26,113],"partially":[27],"addressed":[28],"these":[29],"concerns,":[30],"a":[31,100,151],"substantial":[32],"research":[33],"gap":[34],"remains":[35],"in":[36,164],"evaluating":[37],"their":[38],"performance":[39,109],"under":[40,179],"complex":[41],"real-world":[42,180],"conditions.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"introduces":[46],"Real-World":[48],"Robustness":[49],"Dataset":[50],"(RRDataset)":[51],"for":[52],"comprehensive":[53],"evaluation":[54],"models":[57,145],"across":[58,119],"three":[59],"dimensions:":[60],"1)":[61],"Scenario":[62],"Generalization:":[63],"RRDataset":[64,148],"encompasses":[65],"high-quality":[66],"images":[67,111,131],"from":[68,99],"seven":[69],"major":[70],"scenarios":[71],"(War":[72],"Conflict,":[74],"Disasters":[75],"Accidents,":[77],"Political":[78],"Social":[80],"Events,":[81],"Medical":[82],"Public":[84],"Health,":[85],"Culture":[86],"Religion,":[88],"Labor":[89],"Production,":[91],"everyday":[93],"life),":[94],"addressing":[95],"existing":[96],"dataset":[97],"gaps":[98],"content":[101],"perspective.":[102],"2)":[103],"Internet":[104],"Transmission":[105],"Robustness:":[106,126],"examining":[107],"detector":[108],"on":[110,130,147,188],"that":[112],"undergone":[114],"multiple":[115],"rounds":[116],"sharing":[118],"various":[120],"social":[121],"platforms.":[123],"3)":[124],"Re-digitization":[125],"assessing":[127],"model":[128],"effectiveness":[129],"altered":[132],"through":[133],"four":[134],"distinct":[135],"re-digitization":[136],"methods.":[137],"We":[138],"benchmarked":[139],"17":[140],"detectors":[141],"10":[143],"vision-language":[144],"(VLMs)":[146],"conducted":[150],"large-scale":[152],"human":[153,160,189],"study":[154],"involving":[155],"192":[156],"participants":[157],"investigate":[159],"few-shot":[161],"learning":[162],"capabilities":[163],"detecting":[165],"images.":[167],"The":[168],"benchmarking":[169],"results":[170],"reveal":[171],"limitations":[173],"current":[175],"AI":[176],"conditions":[181],"underscore":[183],"importance":[185],"drawing":[187],"adaptability":[190],"develop":[192],"more":[193],"robust":[194],"algorithms.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}