{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981528363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2019.00214","title":"SpatialSense: An Adversarially Crowdsourced Benchmark for Spatial Relation Recognition","display_name":"SpatialSense: An Adversarially Crowdsourced Benchmark for Spatial Relation Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981528363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2019.00214","mag":"2981528363"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2019.00214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103883065","display_name":"Kaiyu Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022811687","display_name":"Olga Russakovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5272-3241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Russakovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101542158","display_name":"Jia Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9594-4554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2051","last_page":"2060"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.8758022785186768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8036922216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7697970867156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-relation","display_name":"Spatial relation","score":0.7514621019363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7307231426239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6593867540359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6369084119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.62554931640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5579179525375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5369064807891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.494321346282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.4885760247707367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.48225170373916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3391764461994171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.20594707131385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.16352108120918274}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8758022785186768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8036922216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7697970867156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27511587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2178623","display_name":"Spatial relation","level":2,"score":0.7514621019363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7307231426239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6593867540359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6369084119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.62554931640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5579179525375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5369064807891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.494321346282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.4885760247707367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.48225170373916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3391764461994171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.20594707131385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.16352108120918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2019.00214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125693051","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2006354339","https://openalex.org/W2026566343","https://openalex.org/W2031342017","https://openalex.org/W2049705550","https://openalex.org/W2130571016","https://openalex.org/W2140539195","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2184059664","https://openalex.org/W2277195237","https://openalex.org/W2479423890","https://openalex.org/W2560730294","https://openalex.org/W2561715562","https://openalex.org/W2579549467","https://openalex.org/W2591644541","https://openalex.org/W2597425697","https://openalex.org/W2605736949","https://openalex.org/W2607855566","https://openalex.org/W2740962769","https://openalex.org/W2754191212","https://openalex.org/W2777602943","https://openalex.org/W2810482788","https://openalex.org/W2883170015","https://openalex.org/W2887029921","https://openalex.org/W2890783894","https://openalex.org/W2899505139","https://openalex.org/W2962737704","https://openalex.org/W2963449176","https://openalex.org/W2963644680","https://openalex.org/W2963649796","https://openalex.org/W2963650529","https://openalex.org/W2963890019","https://openalex.org/W2963980128","https://openalex.org/W2964306924","https://openalex.org/W2982699810","https://openalex.org/W3121480429","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4295750171","https://openalex.org/W6605121731","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6686348717","https://openalex.org/W6721769334","https://openalex.org/W6736897905","https://openalex.org/W6746806458","https://openalex.org/W6752548760","https://openalex.org/W6752937567","https://openalex.org/W6754279613","https://openalex.org/W6754554023","https://openalex.org/W6788995615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,25,28,31,37,50,139,180],"spatial":[2,76,109,122,181],"relations":[3,110,137],"between":[4,67],"objects":[5],"in":[6,30,49,54,75,101,138],"images":[7],"is":[8,39,63,96],"a":[9,18,64,72,81,175],"surprisingly":[10],"challenging":[11],"task.":[12,170],"A":[13],"chair":[14],"may":[15,52],"be":[16,56],"\"behind\"":[17],"person":[19,29,38],"even":[20],"if":[21,61],"it":[22],"appears":[23],"to":[24,46,114,143,153,178],"left":[26],"of":[27,84,91,164,184],"image":[32,51],"(depending":[33],"on":[34,160],"which":[35,79,102],"way":[36],"facing).":[40],"Two":[41],"students":[42],"that":[43,111,157],"appear":[44],"close":[45],"each":[47,59],"other":[48,60],"not":[53],"fact":[55],"\"next":[57],"to\"":[58],"there":[62],"third":[65],"student":[66],"them.":[68],"We":[69],"introduce":[70],"SpatialSense,":[71,147],"dataset":[73,131,189],"specializing":[74],"relation":[77],"recognition":[78,149],"captures":[80],"broad":[82],"spectrum":[83],"such":[85,119],"challenges,":[86],"allowing":[87],"for":[88],"proper":[89],"benchmarking":[90],"computer":[92,185],"vision":[93,186],"techniques.":[94],"SpatialSense":[95,172],"constructed":[97],"through":[98],"adversarial":[99],"crowdsourcing,":[100],"human":[103],"annotators":[104],"are":[105,112,192],"tasked":[106],"with":[107],"finding":[108],"difficult":[113],"predict":[115],"using":[116],"simple":[117,154],"cues":[118,162],"as":[120],"2D":[121],"configuration":[123],"or":[124],"language":[125],"priors.":[126],"Adversarial":[127],"crowdsourcing":[128],"significantly":[129],"reduces":[130],"bias":[132],"and":[133,190],"samples":[134],"more":[135],"interesting":[136],"long":[140],"tail":[141],"compared":[142],"existing":[144],"datasets.":[145],"On":[146],"state-of-the-art":[148],"models":[150],"perform":[151],"comparably":[152],"baselines,":[155],"suggesting":[156],"they":[158],"rely":[159],"straightforward":[161],"instead":[163],"fully":[165],"reasoning":[166,182],"about":[167],"this":[168],"complex":[169],"The":[171,188],"benchmark":[173],"provides":[174],"path":[176],"forward":[177],"advancing":[179],"capabilities":[183],"systems.":[187],"code":[191],"available":[193],"at":[194],"https://github.com/princeton-vl/SpatialSense.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}