{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161198271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126351","title":"Learning a category independent object detection cascade","display_name":"Learning a category independent object detection cascade","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161198271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126351","mag":"2161198271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126351","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Conference on Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-00855735v1/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088180438","display_name":"Esa Rahtu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8767-0864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Esa Rahtu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Vision Group, University of Oulu, Finland","MVG - Machine Vision Group (Machine Vision Group Department of Electrical and Information Engineering P.O.Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu Finland - Finland)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MVG - Machine Vision Group (Machine Vision Group Department of Electrical and Information Engineering P.O.Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu Finland - Finland)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057931031","display_name":"Juho Kannala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-4041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Kannala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Vision Group, University of Oulu, Finland","MVG - Machine Vision Group (Machine Vision Group Department of Electrical and Information Engineering P.O.Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu Finland - Finland)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MVG - Machine Vision Group (Machine Vision Group Department of Electrical and Information Engineering P.O.Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu Finland - Finland)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077783791","display_name":"Matthew B. Blaschko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-181X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107720","display_name":"CentraleSup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/019tcpt25","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210107720"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I280199911","display_name":"Bouygues (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/056185y51","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I280199911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I216852786","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/00v0y5771","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I216852786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802123492","display_name":"Oxford Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00z4w4f29","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["FR","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Blaschko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Geometry Group, University of Oxford, UK","GALEN - Organ Modeling through Extraction, Representation and Understanding of Medical Image Content (Laboratoire MAS Ecole Centrale de Paris Grande Voie des Vignes 92295 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex - France)","CVN - Centre de vision num\u00e9rique (CentraleSup\u00e9lec - B\u00e2timent Bouygues - 3 rue Joliot Curie - 91190 GIF-SUR-YVETTE - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Geometry Group, University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GALEN - Organ Modeling through Extraction, Representation and Understanding of Medical Image Content (Laboratoire MAS Ecole Centrale de Paris Grande Voie des Vignes 92295 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I216852786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CVN - Centre de vision num\u00e9rique (CentraleSup\u00e9lec - B\u00e2timent Bouygues - 3 rue Joliot Curie - 91190 GIF-SUR-YVETTE - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107720","https://openalex.org/I280199911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088180438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9322,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":167,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98618898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1052","last_page":"1059"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.8050543069839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7856423854827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.780993640422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6886179447174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6620713472366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.597362220287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.52982097864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5210396647453308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.5006029605865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44704651832580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43384888768196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.42331787943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.18760329484939575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.8050543069839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7856423854827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.780993640422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6886179447174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6620713472366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.597362220287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.52982097864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5210396647453308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5006029605865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44704651832580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43384888768196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42331787943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.18760329484939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126351","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Conference on Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-00855735v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-00855735","pdf_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-00855735v1/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Computer Vision, Nov 2011, Barcelona, Spain. pp.1052-1059, ⟨10.1109/ICCV.2011.6126351⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-00855735v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-00855735","pdf_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-00855735v1/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Computer Vision, Nov 2011, Barcelona, Spain. pp.1052-1059, ⟨10.1109/ICCV.2011.6126351⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161198271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161198271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520988583","https://openalex.org/W1525954826","https://openalex.org/W1555385401","https://openalex.org/W1952794764","https://openalex.org/W1976931317","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2002658919","https://openalex.org/W2009685382","https://openalex.org/W2017691720","https://openalex.org/W2031248101","https://openalex.org/W2036989445","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2093360101","https://openalex.org/W2106874006","https://openalex.org/W2118330267","https://openalex.org/W2120369594","https://openalex.org/W2128715914","https://openalex.org/W2137023887","https://openalex.org/W2146103513","https://openalex.org/W2159680539","https://openalex.org/W2164302083","https://openalex.org/W2165688580","https://openalex.org/W2167090521","https://openalex.org/W2429914308","https://openalex.org/W2538008885","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6631207302","https://openalex.org/W6631399749","https://openalex.org/W6633201533","https://openalex.org/W6640860105","https://openalex.org/W6680250379","https://openalex.org/W6684492426"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177249605","https://openalex.org/W4376620596","https://openalex.org/W2534152068","https://openalex.org/W4299545679","https://openalex.org/W1972515067","https://openalex.org/W1689909837","https://openalex.org/W4293054914","https://openalex.org/W2549121492","https://openalex.org/W3138508047","https://openalex.org/W2953362004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cascades":[0],"are":[1],"a":[2,19,29,54,102],"popular":[3],"framework":[4],"to":[5,42,58,107],"speed":[6],"up":[7],"object":[8,22],"detection":[9,23],"systems.":[10],"Here":[11],"we":[12,27,83,98],"focus":[13],"on":[14,123],"the":[15,65,68,124,133,137],"first":[16],"layers":[17],"of":[18,32,50,56,67,101,136],"category":[20],"independent":[21],"cascade":[24,59,119],"in":[25],"which":[26],"sample":[28],"large":[30],"number":[31,55],"windows":[33,46],"from":[34],"an":[35,48],"objectness":[36,73,85],"prior,":[37],"and":[38,96,139],"then":[39],"discriminatively":[40],"learn":[41,108],"filter":[43],"these":[44],"candidate":[45],"by":[47,116],"order":[49],"magnitude.":[51],"We":[52],"make":[53,99],"contributions":[57],"design":[60],"that":[61,87],"substantially":[62],"improve":[63],"over":[64,132,140],"state":[66,135],"art:":[69],"(i)":[70],"our":[71],"novel":[72],"prior":[74],"gives":[75],"much":[76],"higher":[77],"recall":[78],"than":[79],"competing":[80],"methods,":[81],"(ii)":[82],"propose":[84],"features":[86],"give":[88],"high":[89],"performance":[90],"with":[91],"very":[92],"low":[93],"computational":[94],"cost,":[95],"(iii)":[97],"use":[100],"structured":[103],"output":[104],"ranking":[105],"approach":[106],"highly":[109],"effective,":[110],"but":[111],"inexpensive":[112],"linear":[113],"feature":[114],"combinations":[115],"directly":[117],"optimizing":[118],"performance.":[120],"Thorough":[121],"evaluation":[122],"PASCAL":[125],"VOC":[126],"data":[127],"set":[128],"shows":[129],"consistent":[130],"improvement":[131],"current":[134],"art,":[138],"alternative":[141],"discriminative":[142],"learning":[143],"strategies.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}