{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2073839959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126331","title":"What characterizes a shadow boundary under the sun and sky?","display_name":"What characterizes a shadow boundary under the sun and sky?","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2073839959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126331","mag":"2073839959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126331","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Conference on Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079585917","display_name":"Xiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-4255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, Northwestern University, USA","EECS Dept., Northwestern University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, Northwestern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Dept., Northwestern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081114810","display_name":"Gang Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-6157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stevens Institute of Technology, USA","Computer Science Dept., Stevens Institute of Technology, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stevens Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., Stevens Institute of Technology, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002694895","display_name":"Jack Tumblin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Tumblin","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, Northwestern University, USA","EECS Dept., Northwestern University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, Northwestern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Dept., Northwestern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113893172","display_name":"Lance R. Williams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099903","display_name":"Nokia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01607kg94","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210099903"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lance Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Laboratory, Nokia Research Center, China","Multimedia Lab, Nokia Research Center, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Laboratory, Nokia Research Center, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099903"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Lab, Nokia Research Center, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079585917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5232,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69438374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"898","last_page":"905"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.8991014957427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7129772901535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6616257429122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6541561484336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6511943340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky","display_name":"Sky","score":0.6505275368690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.5804296135902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5704061388969421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5480780601501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.46189725399017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-mapping","display_name":"Shadow mapping","score":0.4618714153766632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21194913983345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18577918410301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.10859888792037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08040273189544678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8991014957427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7129772901535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6616257429122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6541561484336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6511943340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.6505275368690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5804296135902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5704061388969421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5480780601501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46189725399017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.4618714153766632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21194913983345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18577918410301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10859888792037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08040273189544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2011.6126331","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Conference on Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.369.3822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.369.3822","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.stevens.edu/~ghua/publication/ICCV2011a.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5485918","https://openalex.org/W1546961578","https://openalex.org/W1590688447","https://openalex.org/W1704999350","https://openalex.org/W1884470205","https://openalex.org/W1998270967","https://openalex.org/W2010828461","https://openalex.org/W2018727335","https://openalex.org/W2023166623","https://openalex.org/W2027850463","https://openalex.org/W2030698775","https://openalex.org/W2079820518","https://openalex.org/W2113757588","https://openalex.org/W2116143083","https://openalex.org/W2119823327","https://openalex.org/W2128991274","https://openalex.org/W2135902139","https://openalex.org/W2136748901","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2145657980","https://openalex.org/W2151917516","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2163405717","https://openalex.org/W2166502676","https://openalex.org/W2544819578","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6600228300","https://openalex.org/W6635255959","https://openalex.org/W6637430524","https://openalex.org/W6639380560","https://openalex.org/W6678842771","https://openalex.org/W6680291664","https://openalex.org/W6681609185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317337758","https://openalex.org/W3014708372","https://openalex.org/W3177406559","https://openalex.org/W2041408572","https://openalex.org/W1497780831","https://openalex.org/W2357262985","https://openalex.org/W3006419044","https://openalex.org/W1999949837","https://openalex.org/W2096492340","https://openalex.org/W2195162486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"decades":[1],"of":[2,26,42,51],"study,":[3],"robust":[4],"shadow":[5,22,92],"detection":[6],"remains":[7],"difficult,":[8],"especially":[9],"within":[10],"a":[11,17,60],"single":[12],"color":[13],"image.":[14],"We":[15,55],"describe":[16],"new":[18],"approach":[19],"to":[20,68,81,88,114],"detect":[21],"boundaries":[23],"in":[24],"images":[25],"outdoor":[27],"scenes":[28],"lit":[29],"only":[30],"by":[31,48],"the":[32],"sun":[33],"and":[34,53,74,87,103],"sky.":[35],"The":[36],"method":[37,108],"first":[38],"extracts":[39],"visual":[40],"features":[41,58],"candidate":[43],"edges":[44,80],"that":[45,65],"are":[46],"motivated":[47],"physical":[49],"models":[50],"illumination":[52],"occluders.":[54],"feed":[56],"these":[57],"into":[59],"Support":[61],"Vector":[62],"Machine":[63],"(SVM)":[64],"was":[66],"trained":[67],"discriminate":[69],"between":[70],"most-likely":[71],"shadow-edge":[72,96],"candidates":[73],"less-likely":[75],"ones.":[76],"Finally,":[77],"we":[78],"connect":[79],"help":[82],"reject":[83],"non-shadow":[84],"edge":[85],"candidates,":[86],"encourage":[89],"closed,":[90],"connected":[91],"boundaries.":[93],"On":[94],"benchmark":[95],"data":[97],"sets":[98],"from":[99],"Lalonde":[100],"et":[101,105],"al.":[102],"Zhu":[104],"al.,":[106],"our":[107],"showed":[109],"substantial":[110],"improvements":[111],"when":[112],"compared":[113],"other":[115],"recent":[116],"shadow-detection":[117],"methods":[118],"based":[119],"on":[120],"statistical":[121],"learning.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}