{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2543628786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2009.5459435","title":"Hierarchical Gaussianization for image classification","display_name":"Hierarchical Gaussianization for image classification","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2543628786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2009.5459435","mag":"2543628786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2009.5459435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2009.5459435","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602872","display_name":"Xi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2917-0436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102925394","display_name":"Na Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8091-4528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680995","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-4221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071868053","display_name":"Feng Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-3003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101457342","display_name":"Thomas S. Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-5859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas S Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.2127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":145,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99277483,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1971","last_page":"1977"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.8090412616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7722263336181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6559184789657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.6192001104354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.6168369054794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5589414238929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5086055994033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.4908169209957123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.477047860622406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.45161983370780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.44545602798461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.43724286556243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43711966276168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4253907799720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4233448803424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4206909239292145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4187927842140198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.415277898311615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.370431125164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2606608271598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1027427613735199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08480259776115417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8090412616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7722263336181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6559184789657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.6192001104354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6168369054794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5589414238929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5086055994033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4908169209957123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.477047860622406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.45161983370780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.44545602798461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.43724286556243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43711966276168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4253907799720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4233448803424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4206909239292145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4187927842140198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.415277898311615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.370431125164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2606608271598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1027427613735199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08480259776115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv.2009.5459435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2009.5459435","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W280632315","https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W1592774159","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1916834241","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2002585172","https://openalex.org/W2003123121","https://openalex.org/W2085207288","https://openalex.org/W2101515089","https://openalex.org/W2102331633","https://openalex.org/W2104294146","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2112020727","https://openalex.org/W2122808326","https://openalex.org/W2129156852","https://openalex.org/W2135807661","https://openalex.org/W2141303268","https://openalex.org/W2145406111","https://openalex.org/W2148809531","https://openalex.org/W2155231285","https://openalex.org/W2157941578","https://openalex.org/W2162881463","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2165828254","https://openalex.org/W2166118928","https://openalex.org/W2166742463","https://openalex.org/W2167244549","https://openalex.org/W2914885528","https://openalex.org/W6635368981","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6640010188","https://openalex.org/W6675450563","https://openalex.org/W6684761059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W44395729","https://openalex.org/W2990323019","https://openalex.org/W2014494654","https://openalex.org/W3130349901","https://openalex.org/W1579833936","https://openalex.org/W2095350775","https://openalex.org/W1952261593","https://openalex.org/W1496225612","https://openalex.org/W2765338038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,22,75,97],"propose":[4],"a":[5,40,50,58,99],"new":[6,145],"image":[7,18,33,54],"representation":[8,129,146],"to":[9,109,114],"capture":[10],"both":[11],"the":[12,24,28,77,81,85,117,126,131,163],"appearance":[13,78],"and":[14,34,66,84,90,113,130,155,158],"spatial":[15,72,86,132],"information":[16,79,87],"for":[17,63,70],"classification":[19],"applications.":[20],"First,":[21],"model":[23,61],"feature":[25],"vectors,":[26],"from":[27,31,80,88],"whole":[29],"corpus,":[30],"each":[32,36,53],"at":[35],"individual":[37],"patch,":[38],"in":[39,150,165],"Bayesian":[41],"hierarchical":[42,51,140],"framework":[43],"using":[44],"mixtures":[45],"of":[46,120,138],"Gaussians.":[47],"After":[48],"such":[49],"Gaussianization,":[52],"is":[55],"represented":[56],"by":[57],"Gaussian":[59,68,94],"mixture":[60],"(GMM)":[62],"its":[64,71],"appearance,":[65],"several":[67],"maps":[69],"layout.":[73],"Then":[74],"extract":[76],"GMM":[82],"parameters,":[83],"global":[89],"local":[91],"statistics":[92],"over":[93],"maps.":[95],"Finally,":[96],"employ":[98],"supervised":[100],"dimension":[101],"reduction":[102],"technique":[103],"called":[104],"DAP":[105],"(discriminant":[106],"attribute":[107],"projection)":[108],"remove":[110],"noise":[111],"directions":[112],"further":[115],"enhance":[116],"discriminating":[118],"power":[119],"our":[121,139,144,159],"representation.":[122],"We":[123,142],"justify":[124],"that":[125],"traditional":[127],"histogram":[128],"pyramid":[133],"matching":[134],"are":[135],"special":[136],"cases":[137],"Gaussianization.":[141],"compare":[143],"with":[147],"other":[148],"approaches":[149],"scene":[151],"classification,":[152],"object":[153],"recognition":[154],"face":[156],"recognition,":[157],"performance":[160],"ranks":[161],"among":[162],"top":[164],"all":[166],"three":[167],"tasks.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}