{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391742023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icct59356.2023.10419749","title":"Semi-Supervised Malware Traffic Classification Via Consistency Regularization and Pseudo-Labeling","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Malware Traffic Classification Via Consistency Regularization and Pseudo-Labeling","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391742023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icct59356.2023.10419749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icct59356.2023.10419749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icct59356.2023.10419749","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qianlong Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianlong Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040994348","display_name":"Xixi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0944-2214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xixi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032832663","display_name":"Weijie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-3130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fucheng Miao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fucheng Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,Nanjing,China","Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Great Information Technology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016337773","display_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keio University,Department of Information and Computer Science,Yokohama,Japan","Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keio University,Department of Information and Computer Science,Yokohama,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031253024","display_name":"Bamidele Adebisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-9120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bamidele Adebisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester Metropolitan University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017851308","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-4261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018639377","display_name":"Guan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7428-4980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20384354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":null,"first_page":"1008","last_page":"1012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7790530920028687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7468808889389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.667745053768158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.6517337560653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6437956690788269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6189289093017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6043480634689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.558407187461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.512360692024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.49869275093078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4885447919368744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.4703265428543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.46893003582954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3337629437446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.10155099630355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08214572072029114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7790530920028687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7468808889389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.667745053768158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6517337560653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6437956690788269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6189289093017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6043480634689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.558407187461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.512360692024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.49869275093078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4885447919368744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.4703265428543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.46893003582954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3337629437446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.10155099630355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08214572072029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icct59356.2023.10419749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icct59356.2023.10419749","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973668864","https://openalex.org/W2027664152","https://openalex.org/W2041855183","https://openalex.org/W2053013484","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2512772081","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2746314669","https://openalex.org/W2936870844","https://openalex.org/W2964159205","https://openalex.org/W2981023147","https://openalex.org/W3001197829","https://openalex.org/W3035682985","https://openalex.org/W3185153723","https://openalex.org/W3206674745","https://openalex.org/W4200275157","https://openalex.org/W4211242407","https://openalex.org/W4385975859","https://openalex.org/W4386951843","https://openalex.org/W6773005947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W2237505347","https://openalex.org/W4400391391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0],"traffic":[1,79,97,107],"classification":[2,84,154],"(MTC)":[3],"technology":[4],"plays":[5],"a":[6],"crucial":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,56],"cyber":[10],"security":[11],"by":[12],"serving":[13],"as":[14],"the":[15,31,43,83,87,92,115,118,173],"first":[16],"step":[17],"of":[18,33,47,86,175],"network":[19,34,165],"intrusion":[20,35],"detection":[21],"system.":[22],"Recently,":[23],"deep":[24],"learning":[25],"has":[26],"been":[27],"successfully":[28],"introduced":[29],"into":[30],"field":[32],"detection.":[36],"However,":[37],"its":[38],"performance":[39,85],"relies":[40],"heavily":[41],"on":[42,69,105],"quantity":[44],"and":[45,72,109,127,141,167],"quality":[46],"labeled":[48,95,140,176],"samples,":[49],"which":[50],"are":[51,112,135],"often":[52],"difficult":[53],"to":[54,81,181],"obtain":[55],"real-world":[57],"applications.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"these":[61],"challenges,":[62],"we":[63,90],"propose":[64],"semi-supervised":[65],"MTC":[66],"method":[67,75,150],"based":[68],"consistency":[70],"regularization":[71],"pseudo-labeling.":[73],"This":[74],"utilizes":[76],"unlabeled":[77,106,121,142],"malware":[78,96],"data":[80,101,108,122,125],"improve":[82],"model.":[88,116],"Specifically,":[89],"train":[91],"model":[93,119],"using":[94,137],"data.":[98],"Then,":[99],"weak":[100],"augmentation":[102,126],"is":[103],"performed":[104],"pseudo":[110,131],"labels":[111],"generated":[113],"through":[114],"Finally,":[117],"predicts":[120],"after":[123],"strong":[124],"compares":[128],"it":[129],"with":[130],"labels.":[132],"Model":[133],"parameters":[134],"updated":[136],"losses":[138],"from":[139,179],"samples.":[143],"Experimental":[144],"results":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"that":[147],"our":[148],"proposed":[149],"outperforms":[151],"other":[152],"classical":[153],"approaches,":[155],"including":[156],"ladder":[157],"networks,":[158],"virtual":[159],"adversarial":[160],"training":[161],"(VAT),":[162],"convolutional":[163],"neural":[164],"(CNN),":[166],"support":[168],"vector":[169],"machine":[170],"(SVM),":[171],"when":[172],"ratios":[174],"samples":[177],"range":[178],"1%":[180],"5%.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}