{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405490465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccspa61559.2024.10794303","title":"Power Efficient Real-Time Traffic Signal Classification for Autonomous Driving Using FPGAs","display_name":"Power Efficient Real-Time Traffic Signal Classification for Autonomous Driving Using FPGAs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405490465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccspa61559.2024.10794303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccspa61559.2024.10794303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccspa61559.2024.10794303","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 6th International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications (ICCSPA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061008457","display_name":"Rashed Al Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7237-6240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashed Al Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111353230","display_name":"Md Shahi Amran Hossain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Shahi Amran Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Leon Tjard Schmid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Tjard Schmid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052529197","display_name":"Veit Wiese","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veit Wiese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084195691","display_name":"Roman Obermaisser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Obermaisser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Embedded Systems, University of Siegen,Siegen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4956,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93262076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12941","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Design","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12941","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Design","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13292","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7779041528701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7025982141494751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5839950442314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-signal","display_name":"Traffic signal","score":0.5542056560516357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5407713651657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5173848867416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4841104745864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3575797975063324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7779041528701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7025982141494751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5839950442314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987419075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8004","display_name":"Traffic signal","level":2,"score":0.5542056560516357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5407713651657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5173848867416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4841104745864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3575797975063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccspa61559.2024.10794303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccspa61559.2024.10794303","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 6th International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications (ICCSPA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291942460","https://openalex.org/W2508482253","https://openalex.org/W2800179847","https://openalex.org/W2908896109","https://openalex.org/W2996192609","https://openalex.org/W3028015399","https://openalex.org/W3110829935","https://openalex.org/W3200194504","https://openalex.org/W4206710986","https://openalex.org/W4323843300","https://openalex.org/W4352977750","https://openalex.org/W4367146890","https://openalex.org/W4367301555","https://openalex.org/W4384209471","https://openalex.org/W4385326070","https://openalex.org/W4386243205","https://openalex.org/W4398249887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841","https://openalex.org/W2393348402","https://openalex.org/W2242021741","https://openalex.org/W2377015873","https://openalex.org/W2605253768","https://openalex.org/W2392201083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28,122,187],"significant":[1],"advancements":[2],"in":[3,52,70],"research":[4],"within":[5,129],"the":[6,18,44,80,105,119,130,134,140,149,158,178,196],"domain":[7],"of":[8,20,32,46,82,107,171,185],"Advanced":[9],"Driver-Assistance":[10],"Systems":[11],"(ADAS)":[12],"have":[13,65],"been":[14,126],"significantly":[15],"propelled":[16],"by":[17,195],"integration":[19],"Artificial":[21],"Intelligence":[22],"(AI)":[23],"and":[24,30,41,49,59,75,84,94,145,191,205],"Deep":[25],"Learning":[26],"(DL).":[27],"detection":[29,48],"classification":[31,50,77,89,113,161],"traffic":[33,87,111,159],"signals":[34],"are":[35],"pivotal":[36],"for":[37,86,104,116,203],"ensuring":[38],"driver":[39],"safety":[40],"comfort,":[42],"prompting":[43],"development":[45,106],"numerous":[47],"methodologies":[51],"recent":[53],"times.":[54],"Convolutional":[55],"Neural":[56],"Networks":[57],"(CNNs)":[58],"Field":[60],"Programmable":[61],"Gate":[62],"Arrays":[63],"(FPGAs)":[64],"individually":[66],"demonstrated":[67],"notable":[68],"efficacy":[69],"signal":[71,88,112,160],"processing,":[72],"image":[73,76],"detection,":[74],"tasks.":[78],"However,":[79],"amalgamation":[81],"CNNs":[83],"FPGAs":[85,117],"offers":[90],"enhanced":[91],"flexibility,":[92],"accuracy,":[93],"resource":[95],"efficiency.":[96],"This":[97],"study":[98],"proposes":[99],"a":[100,108,168,182],"software-hardware":[101],"co-design":[102],"approach":[103],"resource-efficient":[109],"real-time":[110],"system":[114,198],"tailored":[115],"utilizing":[118],"CNN":[120],"algorithm.":[121],"software":[123],"implementation":[124,136],"has":[125],"carried":[127],"out":[128],"TensorFlow":[131],"framework,":[132],"while":[133],"hardware":[135],"is":[137],"executed":[138],"via":[139],"Xilinx":[141,150],"Vivado":[142],"2023.1":[143],"platform":[144],"rigorously":[146],"evaluated":[147],"using":[148],"ZCU102":[151],"FPGA":[152,179],"board.":[153],"Experimental":[154],"findings":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"that":[157],"accuracy":[162,193],"can":[163],"attain":[164],"approximately":[165],"99.98%":[166],"at":[167],"frame":[169],"rate":[170],"84139":[172],"frames":[173],"per":[174],"second":[175],"(FPS)":[176],"on":[177],"platform,":[180],"with":[181],"power":[183],"consumption":[184],"4.4W.":[186],"exceptionally":[188],"low":[189],"latency":[190],"heightened":[192],"exhibited":[194],"proposed":[197],"render":[199],"it":[200],"highly":[201],"advantageous":[202],"ADAS":[204],"other":[206],"safety-critical":[207],"applications.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
