{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976851020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2019.8845348","title":"Automatic Academic Confusion Recognition In Online Learning Based On Facial Expressions","display_name":"Automatic Academic Confusion Recognition In Online Learning Based On Facial Expressions","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976851020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2019.8845348","mag":"2976851020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccse.2019.8845348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2019.8845348","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 14th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057968202","display_name":"Zheng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9919-8816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342828","display_name":"Ya Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-9053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Depaetment of Educational Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depaetment of Educational Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086498471","display_name":"Cunling Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0731-9228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cunling Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Depaetment of Educational Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depaetment of Educational Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042115840","display_name":"Weigang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1767-5309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weigang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Depaetment of Educational Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depaetment of Educational Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057968202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91397795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"528","last_page":"532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.8191723227500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7666741013526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7557315230369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.7408560514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7018789052963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5724455118179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.554682731628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5440506339073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion-matrix","display_name":"Confusion matrix","score":0.5302716493606567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.4734456241130829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4219823479652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27450406551361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07423257827758789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.8191723227500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7666741013526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7557315230369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.7408560514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7018789052963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5724455118179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.554682731628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5440506339073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.5302716493606567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.4734456241130829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4219823479652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27450406551361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07423257827758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccse.2019.8845348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2019.8845348","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 14th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511792942","https://openalex.org/W1520353783","https://openalex.org/W1582746995","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1973408529","https://openalex.org/W2025841702","https://openalex.org/W2028111024","https://openalex.org/W2028880308","https://openalex.org/W2051827833","https://openalex.org/W2058064543","https://openalex.org/W2070025377","https://openalex.org/W2072035149","https://openalex.org/W2081112272","https://openalex.org/W2097290407","https://openalex.org/W2158232862","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2405145519","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6713593165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285488523","https://openalex.org/W2407837381","https://openalex.org/W2011367623","https://openalex.org/W2734065904","https://openalex.org/W2049289069","https://openalex.org/W4366202965","https://openalex.org/W2349679704","https://openalex.org/W1969293528","https://openalex.org/W2570625548","https://openalex.org/W3154844368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Academic":[0],"confusion":[1,15,33],"is":[2,27],"one":[3],"of":[4,14,58,81,104,119,140,157],"the":[5,23,31,67,73,77,120,129,132],"most":[6,118],"common":[7],"academic":[8,32,126],"emotions,":[9],"timely":[10],"identification":[11],"and":[12,51,93,108,128],"resolution":[13],"are":[16,64,69,98,111],"helpful":[17],"to":[18,29,71,100],"improve":[19,72],"learning":[20,36,63],"effect.":[21,75],"In":[22,76],"research,":[24],"a":[25,56,150],"model":[26,42],"developed":[28],"identify":[30],"in":[34,61,145],"online":[35,62],"based":[37],"on":[38],"facial":[39],"expressions.":[40],"The":[41,113,142],"mainly":[43],"includes":[44],"three":[45],"parts:":[46],"confusion-inducing":[47,59],"experiments,":[48],"image":[49],"preprocessing,":[50],"recognition":[52,74],"methods":[53,103,121],"comparing.":[54],"Firstly,":[55],"set":[57],"experiments":[60],"designed.":[65],"Then":[66],"images":[68],"preprocessed":[70],"third":[78],"part,":[79],"Histogram":[80],"Oriented":[82],"Gradient":[83],"(HOG),":[84],"Local":[85],"Binary":[86],"Patterns":[87],"(LBP),":[88],"Support":[89],"Vector":[90],"Machine":[91],"(SVM)":[92],"Convolutional":[94],"Neural":[95],"Network":[96],"(CNN)":[97],"combined":[99],"form":[101],"four":[102],"HOG-SVM,":[105],"LBP-SVM,":[106],"CNN":[107],"CNN-SVM,":[109],"which":[110],"employed.":[112],"experimental":[114],"results":[115],"show":[116],"that":[117],"can":[122,148],"effectively":[123],"detect":[124],"students'":[125],"confusion,":[127],"CNN-SVM":[130],"has":[131],"best":[133],"predictive":[134],"performance":[135],"with":[136],"an":[137],"average":[138],"accuracy":[139],"0.938.":[141],"Model":[143],"proposed":[144],"this":[146],"study":[147],"provide":[149],"technical":[151],"support":[152],"for":[153],"learner":[154],"emotional":[155],"modeling":[156],"teaching":[158],"assistant":[159],"systems.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}