{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403060657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10696217","title":"Design of Digital System Identification Controller for a Nonlinear Knee Model in Closed-Loop Functional Electrical Stimulator (FES)","display_name":"Design of Digital System Identification Controller for a Nonlinear Knee Model in Closed-Loop Functional Electrical Stimulator (FES)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403060657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10696217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10696217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10696217","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 14th International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002850286","display_name":"N.H.M. Muhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"N.H.M. Muhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035819049","display_name":"Emilia Noorsal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-0987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Noorsal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080984993","display_name":"Saharul Arof","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Arof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025800341","display_name":"M.K. Safie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.K. Safie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066637091","display_name":"Zakaria Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2605-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058280517","display_name":"Saiful Zaimy Yahaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6906-5086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.Z. Yahaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011434462","display_name":"Siti Sarah Md Sallah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.S.M. Sallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002850286"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18371134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"310","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9093000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-electrical-stimulation","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","score":0.8183493614196777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.669205904006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop","display_name":"Closed loop","score":0.5680650472640991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5546219348907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5406844615936279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5351159572601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5346376895904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.4731349050998688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-model","display_name":"Nonlinear model","score":0.45848768949508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2654286026954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.19073769450187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11509066820144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07954978942871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.07750800251960754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327643","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","level":3,"score":0.8183493614196777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.669205904006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019251811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135346","display_name":"Closed loop","level":2,"score":0.5680650472640991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5546219348907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5406844615936279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5351159572601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5346376895904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.4731349050998688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984755018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17118374","display_name":"Nonlinear model","level":3,"score":0.45848768949508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2654286026954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.19073769450187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11509066820144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07954978942871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07750800251960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10696217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10696217","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 14th International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322780","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083856086","https://openalex.org/W2122456082","https://openalex.org/W2134158933","https://openalex.org/W2922287770","https://openalex.org/W2989978214","https://openalex.org/W3001144377","https://openalex.org/W3126541727","https://openalex.org/W3162157091","https://openalex.org/W3193758012","https://openalex.org/W4311937483","https://openalex.org/W4322621338","https://openalex.org/W4384131187","https://openalex.org/W4388974424","https://openalex.org/W6856927740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098278563","https://openalex.org/W3097292012","https://openalex.org/W2970187567","https://openalex.org/W2166727663","https://openalex.org/W2936477999","https://openalex.org/W2105427525","https://openalex.org/W2035814782","https://openalex.org/W4250878764","https://openalex.org/W2000675896","https://openalex.org/W2296542302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Functional":[0],"Electrical":[1],"Stimulation":[2],"(FES)":[3],"devices":[4],"represent":[5],"a":[6,88,109],"valuable":[7],"rehabilitation":[8],"intervention":[9],"for":[10,94],"patients":[11],"with":[12,87,139],"spinal":[13],"cord":[14],"injury":[15],"(SCI).":[16],"SCI":[17],"can":[18,47],"result":[19],"in":[20,29,69,100,146],"significant":[21],"functional":[22],"impairments,":[23],"including":[24,157],"the":[25,30,43,106,120,165],"loss":[26],"of":[27,108],"movement":[28],"lower":[31],"body.":[32],"Currently,":[33],"closed-loop":[34,55],"stimulation":[35],"strategies":[36],"are":[37,162],"preferred":[38],"over":[39],"open-loop":[40],"systems,":[41],"as":[42,73],"latter\u2019s":[44],"trial-and-error":[45],"approach":[46],"lead":[48],"to":[49,115],"premature":[50],"muscle":[51],"fatigue.":[52,77],"However,":[53],"while":[54],"systems":[56],"offer":[57],"promise,":[58],"feedback":[59,84],"controllers":[60],"often":[61],"exhibit":[62],"inadequate":[63],"performance":[64,141],"when":[65],"addressing":[66],"nonlinear":[67,98,117,155],"effects":[68,156],"knee":[70,101,121],"muscles,":[71],"such":[72],"stiffness,":[74,158],"spasticity,":[75],"and":[76,130,160],"To":[78],"address":[79],"these":[80,97],"challenges,":[81],"an":[82],"adaptive":[83],"controller":[85,91,113],"equipped":[86],"system":[89,111,126],"identification":[90,112,127],"is":[92],"crucial":[93],"accurately":[95],"detecting":[96],"parameters":[99,118],"muscles.":[102],"This":[103],"paper":[104],"proposes":[105],"development":[107],"digital":[110],"designed":[114],"detect":[116],"from":[119],"extension":[122],"model\u2019s":[123],"response.":[124],"The":[125,149],"was":[128],"implemented":[129],"simulated":[131],"using":[132],"hardware":[133],"description":[134],"language":[135],"(HDL)":[136],"Verilog":[137],"code,":[138],"its":[140],"evaluated":[142],"through":[143],"HDL":[144],"co-simulation":[145],"MATLAB":[147],"Simulink.":[148],"simulation":[150],"results":[151],"indicate":[152],"that":[153],"all":[154],"spasticity":[159],"fatigue":[161],"identifiable":[163],"once":[164],"rate-of-change":[166],"response":[167],"stabilizes":[168],"at":[169],"4":[170],"s.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
