{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403060430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10695987","title":"System Reconfiguration to Control Knee Extension with Time Delay Nonlinearity in Closed-Loop FES","display_name":"System Reconfiguration to Control Knee Extension with Time Delay Nonlinearity in Closed-Loop FES","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403060430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10695987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10695987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10695987","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 14th International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080984993","display_name":"Saharul Arof","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Arof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Spanish Institute Kulim Hi-Tech Park,Kulim,Kedah,Malaysia,09000"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Spanish Institute Kulim Hi-Tech Park,Kulim,Kedah,Malaysia,09000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035819049","display_name":"Emilia Noorsal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-0987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Noorsal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058280517","display_name":"Saiful Zaimy Yahaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6906-5086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.Z. Yahaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066637091","display_name":"Zakaria Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2605-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018395670","display_name":"Yusnita Mohd Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-544X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y.M. Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011137685","display_name":"A.N.A. Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-3468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.N.A. Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022252694","display_name":"Siti Zubaidah Md Saad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-4799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.Z.M. Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011434462","display_name":"Siti Sarah Md Sallah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.S.M. Sallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,Electrical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia,13500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025800341","display_name":"M.K. Safie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.K. Safie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Spanish Institute Kulim Hi-Tech Park,Kulim,Kedah,Malaysia,09000"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Spanish Institute Kulim Hi-Tech Park,Kulim,Kedah,Malaysia,09000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080984993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15298009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"282","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10188","display_name":"Advanced machining processes and optimization","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10369","display_name":"Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.8373773694038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6840317249298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.622826337814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.604629635810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4691392779350281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.4551423192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.41614028811454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.41611039638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.32660233974456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19285890460014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1702462136745453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1650758981704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.11275246739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.06225252151489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.05802866816520691}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.8373773694038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6840317249298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.622826337814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.604629635810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4691392779350281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4551423192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.41614028811454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.41611039638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.32660233974456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19285890460014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1702462136745453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1650758981704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.11275246739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06225252151489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.05802866816520691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10695987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10695987","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 14th International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322780","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487032417","https://openalex.org/W2053804081","https://openalex.org/W2083856086","https://openalex.org/W2743789039","https://openalex.org/W2889052472","https://openalex.org/W2954918820","https://openalex.org/W3004132524","https://openalex.org/W3032926348","https://openalex.org/W3095497349","https://openalex.org/W4214578889","https://openalex.org/W4214690106","https://openalex.org/W4384131187","https://openalex.org/W4394006053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2615607975","https://openalex.org/W2192101006","https://openalex.org/W2116800748","https://openalex.org/W2638730922","https://openalex.org/W2190465783","https://openalex.org/W2027827693","https://openalex.org/W2381267592","https://openalex.org/W4241033836","https://openalex.org/W2518504198","https://openalex.org/W3135637940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Functional":[0],"Electrical":[1],"Stimulation":[2],"(FES)":[3],"assists":[4],"individuals":[5,183],"with":[6,184],"neuromuscular":[7,185],"impairments":[8],"during":[9,18],"rehabilitation":[10],"exercises":[11],"conducted":[12],"in":[13,57,86,118],"open-loop":[14],"and":[15,69,80,144,162,177],"closed-loop.":[16],"Typically,":[17],"the":[19,22,42,77,106,112,124,127,154,175],"design":[20],"phase,":[21],"closed-loop":[23,107],"FES":[24,46,120,164,180],"system":[25,101,108,141,156,160],"mainly":[26],"consists":[27],"of":[28,76,100,115,126,179],"a":[29,32,36,130,170],"feedback":[30,48,78,131],"controller,":[31,133],"second-order":[33,138],"model,":[34],"or":[35,47,137],"knee":[37,134],"extension":[38,135],"model":[39,136],"to":[40,61,73,91,110],"represent":[41],"actual":[43],"knee.":[44],"Closed-loop":[45],"controllers":[49,79],"are":[50],"generally":[51],"better,":[52],"but":[53],"their":[54,84],"performance":[55,75],"drops":[56],"real-world":[58,119],"scenarios":[59],"due":[60],"nonlinear":[62],"factors":[63],"like":[64],"fatigue,":[65],"time":[66,116],"delay,":[67],"spasm,":[68],"spasticity.":[70],"These":[71],"lead":[72],"suboptimal":[74],"even":[81],"failure,":[82],"diminishing":[83],"effectiveness":[85,125],"assisting":[87],"patients.":[88],"In":[89],"response":[90],"these":[92],"challenges,":[93],"this":[94],"paper":[95],"investigates":[96],"four":[97,128],"different":[98],"techniques":[99],"reconfiguration,":[102],"which":[103],"involves":[104],"changing":[105],"structure":[109],"mitigate":[111],"adverse":[113],"effects":[114],"delay":[117],"applications.":[121],"To":[122],"evaluate":[123],"techniques,":[129],"PID":[132],"critically":[139],"damped":[140],"were":[142],"developed":[143],"tested":[145],"using":[146],"MATLAB/Simulink":[147],"software.":[148],"The":[149],"simulation":[150],"results":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"that":[153],"first":[155],"reconfiguration":[157],"technique":[158],"improves":[159],"behaviour":[161],"enhances":[163],"controller":[165],"performance.":[166],"This":[167],"research":[168],"marks":[169],"significant":[171],"step":[172],"towards":[173],"improving":[174],"practicality":[176],"adaptability":[178],"technology":[181],"for":[182],"impairments.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}