{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201490604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce52189.2021.9530744","title":"Control of Electric Wheelchair via Eye Gestures for People with Neurological Disorder","display_name":"Control of Electric Wheelchair via Eye Gestures for People with Neurological Disorder","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201490604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce52189.2021.9530744","mag":"3201490604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce52189.2021.9530744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce52189.2021.9530744","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 11th IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A. R. Adnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. R. Adnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058280517","display_name":"Saiful Zaimy Yahaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6906-5086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Z. Yahaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066637091","display_name":"Zakaria Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2605-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800727921","display_name":"Hospital Pulau Pinang","ror":"https://ror.org/024g0n729","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800727921","https://openalex.org/I82724352"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47200665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"210","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.8042246103286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheelchair","display_name":"Wheelchair","score":0.789936363697052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6949498057365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tetraplegia","display_name":"Tetraplegia","score":0.6716430187225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5579932332038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5004756450653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joystick","display_name":"Joystick","score":0.4521314799785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.2857206165790558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord-injury","display_name":"Spinal cord injury","score":0.20488327741622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2007666528224945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord","display_name":"Spinal cord","score":0.1577450931072235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.8042246103286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781042323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191931","display_name":"Wheelchair","level":2,"score":0.789936363697052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6949498057365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781306077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944758","display_name":"Tetraplegia","level":4,"score":0.6716430187225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5579932332038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5004756450653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96439379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178805","display_name":"Joystick","level":2,"score":0.4521314799785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2857206165790558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415275","display_name":"Spinal cord injury","level":3,"score":0.20488327741622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2007666528224945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780775167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606","display_name":"Spinal cord","level":2,"score":0.1577450931072235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce52189.2021.9530744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce52189.2021.9530744","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 11th IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W755950124","https://openalex.org/W2294096036","https://openalex.org/W2570111632","https://openalex.org/W2585451359","https://openalex.org/W2590397904","https://openalex.org/W2590766922","https://openalex.org/W2740827271","https://openalex.org/W2773608679","https://openalex.org/W2786425600","https://openalex.org/W2800040407","https://openalex.org/W2805456066","https://openalex.org/W2898237879","https://openalex.org/W2908632643","https://openalex.org/W2941734865","https://openalex.org/W3010203532","https://openalex.org/W6622239413","https://openalex.org/W6734034903","https://openalex.org/W6748120346","https://openalex.org/W6757852574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172827307","https://openalex.org/W2899737318","https://openalex.org/W2120422838","https://openalex.org/W1864091273","https://openalex.org/W2703250229","https://openalex.org/W86495940","https://openalex.org/W2789946196","https://openalex.org/W2117758670","https://openalex.org/W2163077615","https://openalex.org/W2584508748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tetraplegia":[0],"is":[1,36,52,168,182,209],"a":[2,37,88],"total":[3],"paralysis":[4],"due":[5],"to":[6,58,70,75,86,123,126,162,170,184,197],"injury":[7],"at":[8],"C1":[9],"-":[10,12],"C5":[11],"T1":[13],"of":[14,79,96,105,137,175,188,206],"spinal":[15],"cord.":[16],"People":[17],"with":[18],"tetraplegia":[19],"have":[20,67],"very":[21],"limited":[22],"or":[23],"no":[24],"muscle":[25],"function":[26],"from":[27],"area":[28],"below":[29],"the":[30,68,77,134,164,172,176,179,186,217],"neck.":[31],"For":[32],"mobility,":[33],"electric":[34,43,80],"wheelchair":[35,44],"good":[38],"option.":[39],"However,":[40],"since":[41],"commercial":[42],"used":[45,125,169,183],"joystick":[46],"as":[47,64,73],"its":[48],"movement":[49,78],"control,":[50],"this":[51,83],"quite":[53],"difficult":[54],"for":[55,109,145],"tetraplegic":[56],"patients":[57],"use":[59,136],"it.":[60],"Facial":[61],"features":[62],"such":[63],"eyes":[65,94,202],"gestures":[66,95],"potential":[69],"be":[71,124,198],"manipulated":[72],"instruction":[74],"control":[76,106],"wheelchair.":[81],"Therefore,":[82],"work":[84,132],"aims":[85],"develop":[87],"system":[89],"that":[90,112],"can":[91],"classify":[92],"different":[93,103],"human":[97],"subject":[98],"and":[99,129,141,148,157,213],"convert":[100],"it":[101],"into":[102],"state":[104],"instructions.":[107],"Methods":[108],"object":[110],"detection":[111,207],"had":[113],"been":[114,195],"developed":[115],"by":[116],"researchers":[117],"in":[118,200],"recent":[119],"years":[120],"are":[121,160],"suitable":[122],"detect":[127,163],"faces":[128],"eyes.":[130],"This":[131],"proposed":[133,192],"combination":[135],"Haar":[138],"Cascade":[139],"classifier":[140],"Dlib":[142],"facial":[143],"detector":[144],"detecting":[146,201],"face":[147],"eye":[149,189],"region,":[150],"respectively.":[151],"Next,":[152],"several":[153],"image":[154],"enhancement":[155],"techniques":[156],"morphological":[158],"operations":[159],"performed":[161],"iris.":[165,177],"Image":[166],"moments":[167],"calculate":[171],"center":[173],"coordinate":[174,181],"Afterward,":[178],"iris":[180],"determine":[185],"classification":[187],"gestures.":[190,203],"The":[191,204],"method":[193],"has":[194],"proven":[196],"efficient":[199],"ratio":[205],"accuracy":[208],"ranged":[210],"between":[211],"73.5%":[212],"99.83%":[214],"depending":[215],"on":[216],"ambient":[218],"lighting.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
