{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037603119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6720014","title":"Self-synthesized controllers for tower defense game using genetic programming","display_name":"Self-synthesized controllers for tower defense game using genetic programming","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037603119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6720014","mag":"2037603119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce.2013.6720014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6720014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050458979","display_name":"Leow Chin Leong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leow Chin Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009469886","display_name":"Gan Kim Soon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gan Kim Soon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103227246","display_name":"Tan Tse Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-0041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan Tse Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040895210","display_name":"Chin Kim On","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-4350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin Kim On","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011084321","display_name":"Rayner Alfred","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3080-3264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rayner Alfred","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellent in Semantic Agents, Univ. Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084061900","display_name":"Patricia Anthony","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4991-3340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184746854","display_name":"Lincoln University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ps1r162","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184746854"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Anthony","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Computing, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand","Dept. of Appl. Comput., Lincoln Univ., Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Computing, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184746854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Appl. Comput., Lincoln Univ., Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184746854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4868,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76130019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"487","last_page":"492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6994601488113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6893632411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.661663293838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5793293118476868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuner","display_name":"Tuner","score":0.5681374073028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.562821626663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tower","display_name":"Tower","score":0.4712396562099457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4570406377315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.44693902134895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4457729160785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3474121689796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20799225568771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13712447881698608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08444029092788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0792684555053711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6994601488113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6893632411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.661663293838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5793293118476868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9819579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1544018","display_name":"Tuner","level":3,"score":0.5681374073028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.562821626663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518","display_name":"Tower","level":2,"score":0.4712396562099457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4570406377315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.44693902134895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4457729160785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3474121689796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20799225568771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13712447881698608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08444029092788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0792684555053711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce.2013.6720014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6720014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz:10182/9275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=elements_prod&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:000349904800093&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400204","display_name":"Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE)","raw_type":"Conference Contribution - published"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67463713","https://openalex.org/W145852329","https://openalex.org/W335461813","https://openalex.org/W1481541785","https://openalex.org/W1496638086","https://openalex.org/W1504670081","https://openalex.org/W1512045620","https://openalex.org/W1546220908","https://openalex.org/W1563989202","https://openalex.org/W1568793067","https://openalex.org/W1972304625","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2041911815","https://openalex.org/W2045934619","https://openalex.org/W2072869421","https://openalex.org/W2099870897","https://openalex.org/W2100008863","https://openalex.org/W2118570024","https://openalex.org/W2125504831","https://openalex.org/W2132625905","https://openalex.org/W2138431811","https://openalex.org/W2161551226","https://openalex.org/W2169424704","https://openalex.org/W2395086666","https://openalex.org/W4205732321","https://openalex.org/W6630094539","https://openalex.org/W6632572877","https://openalex.org/W6643371778","https://openalex.org/W6712406021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154107929","https://openalex.org/W4290057712","https://openalex.org/W2168846948","https://openalex.org/W2559413996","https://openalex.org/W2559844932","https://openalex.org/W2185884583","https://openalex.org/W2096827166","https://openalex.org/W2108953480","https://openalex.org/W2549354931","https://openalex.org/W2155442923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,79],"this":[1,80],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"describe":[4],"the":[5,47,61,77,95,100,110,122,126,135,138],"results":[6],"of":[7,46,97,99,109],"implementing":[8],"Genetic":[9],"Programming":[10],"(GP)":[11],"using":[12],"two":[13],"different":[14],"Artificial":[15],"Neural":[16,33,39],"Networks":[17],"(ANN)":[18],"topologies":[19],"in":[20,57,112,137],"a":[21,82,107],"customized":[22],"Tower":[23],"Defense":[24],"(TD)":[25],"games.":[26],"The":[27,87,103,114,128],"ANNs":[28,115,136],"used":[29,90],"are":[30,52],"(1)":[31],"Feed-forward":[32],"Network":[34,40],"(FFNN)":[35],"and":[36,93],"(2)":[37],"Elman-Recurrent":[38],"(ERNN).":[41],"TD":[42],"game":[43,49],"is":[44],"one":[45],"strategy":[48],"genres.":[50],"Players":[51],"required":[53],"to":[54,59,75,120,151],"build":[55],"towers":[56],"order":[58],"prevent":[60],"creeps":[62,73,123],"from":[63,124],"reaching":[64,125],"their":[65],"bases.":[66],"Lives":[67],"will":[68,84,91,116,130],"be":[69,85,132],"deducted":[70],"if":[71],"any":[72],"manage":[74],"reach":[76],"base.":[78,127],"research,":[81],"map":[83,129],"designed.":[86],"AI":[88],"method":[89],"self-synthesize":[92],"analyze":[94],"level":[96],"difficulty":[98],"designed":[101],"map.":[102],"GP":[104,145,152],"acts":[105],"as":[106,118],"tuner":[108],"weights":[111],"ANNs.":[113],"act":[117],"players":[119],"block":[121],"then":[131],"evaluated":[133],"by":[134],"testing":[139],"phase.":[140],"Our":[141],"findings":[142],"showed":[143],"that":[144],"works":[146],"well":[147],"with":[148,153],"ERNN":[149],"compared":[150],"FFNN.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
