{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2532576713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6719957","title":"Identification of noise in the fundus images","display_name":"Identification of noise in the fundus images","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2532576713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6719957","mag":"2532576713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce.2013.6719957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6719957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109059797","display_name":"Ahmad Fadzil M. Hani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Fadzil M Hani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008967203","display_name":"Toufique Ahmed Soomro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8560-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toufique.A. Soomro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011237706","display_name":"Ibrahima Fayee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahima Fayee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071162645","display_name":"Nidal Kamel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-6379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nidal Kamel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039559815","display_name":"Norashikin Yahya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-0435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norashikin Yahya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"191","last_page":"196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.7348952293395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6515046954154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6504639983177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wiener-filter","display_name":"Wiener filter","score":0.6364139914512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-noise","display_name":"Multiplicative noise","score":0.5948606729507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5852819681167603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5475455522537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-constancy","display_name":"Color constancy","score":0.5039164423942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.45498979091644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.4380016624927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.42677998542785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36048489809036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.24258637428283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.13489961624145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11018943786621094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.7348952293395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6515046954154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6504639983177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18537770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25523","display_name":"Wiener filter","level":2,"score":0.6364139914512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18015164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935000","display_name":"Multiplicative noise","level":5,"score":0.5948606729507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5852819681167603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5475455522537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187888035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2563885","display_name":"Color constancy","level":3,"score":0.5039164423942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45498979091644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4380016624927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.42677998542785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36048489809036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24258637428283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.13489961624145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11018943786621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131021393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512759","display_name":"Signal transfer function","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13412647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174948","display_name":"Analog signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccsce.2013.6719957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2013.6719957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1681536722","https://openalex.org/W2000826282","https://openalex.org/W2008238497","https://openalex.org/W2033757130","https://openalex.org/W2059855615","https://openalex.org/W2089182596","https://openalex.org/W2107871626","https://openalex.org/W2119324198","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2137559967","https://openalex.org/W2138686171","https://openalex.org/W2139278567","https://openalex.org/W2145481071","https://openalex.org/W2537253116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237735386","https://openalex.org/W2982638676","https://openalex.org/W2622554317","https://openalex.org/W2006198159","https://openalex.org/W2114667878","https://openalex.org/W1603973577","https://openalex.org/W2159871081","https://openalex.org/W2082294883","https://openalex.org/W2155138846","https://openalex.org/W2090752675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analysis":[0],"of":[1,37,49,54,61,85,99],"the":[2,20,24,38,55,79,83,86,89,97,123],"tiny":[3],"retinal":[4,7,21,39,140],"vasculatures":[5],"in":[6,68,78,88,168,172],"fundus":[8,124,129,141],"images":[9,130,142],"becomes":[10],"difficult":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,106,133],"very":[14],"low":[15],"and":[16,23,32,92,117,122,127,146],"varied":[17],"contrast":[18],"between":[19],"vasculature":[22],"background.":[25],"Fundus":[26],"fluorescein":[27],"angiogram":[28],"overcomes":[29],"these":[30,134],"problems":[31],"provides":[33],"an":[34,44,170],"excellent":[35],"visualization":[36],"vasculature;":[40],"however":[41],"it":[42],"is":[43,66,76,109,137,151],"invasive":[45],"procedure":[46],"requiring":[47],"injection":[48],"contrasting":[50],"agents.":[51],"Further":[52],"investigation":[53],"RETICA":[56],"method,":[57],"a":[58],"non-invasive":[59],"method":[60,104,165],"image":[62,91,126],"enhancement":[63],"developed":[64],"earlier,":[65],"reported":[67],"this":[69,100],"paper.":[70,102],"It":[71,136],"was":[72],"found":[73],"that":[74,139],"noise":[75,87,108,150],"present":[77],"Retinex":[80,90],"image.":[81],"Thus,":[82],"identification":[84],"its":[93],"removal":[94],"has":[95],"been":[96],"focus":[98],"research":[101],"The":[103,149],"used":[105],"identify":[107],"based":[110,164],"on":[111],"adaptive":[112,155,161],"wiener":[113,156,162],"filters":[114],"(additive,":[115],"multiplicative,":[116],"additive":[118,145],"plus":[119,159],"multiplicative":[120,147,160],"filters)":[121],"model":[125],"real":[128],"are":[131],"applied":[132],"filters.":[135],"observed":[138],"contained":[143],"both":[144],"noise.":[148],"reduced":[152],"by":[153],"using":[154],"filter":[157],"(additive":[158],"filter)":[163],"which":[166],"resulted":[167],"2.84db":[169],"improvement":[171],"PSNR.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}