{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391129402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccp60212.2023.10398644","title":"LOKI-2: An Improved Lightweight Cryptographic Key Distribution Protocol for Automotive Systems","display_name":"LOKI-2: An Improved Lightweight Cryptographic Key Distribution Protocol for Automotive Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391129402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccp60212.2023.10398644"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccp60212.2023.10398644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccp60212.2023.10398644","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049732617","display_name":"Teri Lenard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-034X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114457229","display_name":"University of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01swzsf04","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teri Lenard","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Geneva,Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Geneva School of Economics and Management,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Geneva,Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Geneva School of Economics and Management,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075396323","display_name":"B\u00e9la Genge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1390-479X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125032317","display_name":"Universitatea de Medicin\u0103, Farmacie, \u0218tiin\u021be \u0219i Tehnologie \u201eGeorge Emil Palade\u201d din T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219","ror":"https://ror.org/03gwbzf29","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125032317"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B\u00e8la Genge","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology,Romania","Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology,Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125032317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125032317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089409482","display_name":"Anastasija Collen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3214-8515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114457229","display_name":"University of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01swzsf04","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasija Collen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Geneva,Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Geneva School of Economics and Management,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Geneva,Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Geneva School of Economics and Management,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037256822","display_name":"Niels Alexander Nijdam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-6319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114457229","display_name":"University of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01swzsf04","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niels A. Nijdam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Geneva,Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Geneva School of Economics and Management,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Geneva,Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Geneva School of Economics and Management,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25111612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2011","issue":null,"first_page":"187","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.815764844417572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.7291219830513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7169443368911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6636701822280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.6319237947463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6109846830368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5115805268287659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.49909543991088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.4965108036994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.49203726649284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.44042062759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/otway\u2013rees-protocol","display_name":"Otway\u2013Rees protocol","score":0.43707579374313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.42380499839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.37458178400993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34968650341033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3368581235408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.26151856780052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14618244767189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge-handshake-authentication-protocol","display_name":"Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol","score":0.13673922419548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11013442277908325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.815764844417572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.7291219830513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7169443368911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6636701822280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.6319237947463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6109846830368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5115805268287659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.49909543991088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.4965108036994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.49203726649284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.44042062759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35788789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320237","display_name":"Otway\u2013Rees protocol","level":5,"score":0.43707579374313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.42380499839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37458178400993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34968650341033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3368581235408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.26151856780052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14618244767189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207828512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060131","display_name":"Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol","level":4,"score":0.13673922419548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11013442277908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccp60212.2023.10398644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccp60212.2023.10398644","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603878273","https://openalex.org/W2010939995","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2117500454","https://openalex.org/W2491909939","https://openalex.org/W2524044976","https://openalex.org/W2604623014","https://openalex.org/W2616015487","https://openalex.org/W2913402274","https://openalex.org/W2970228231","https://openalex.org/W3013387941","https://openalex.org/W3110463784","https://openalex.org/W3159254642","https://openalex.org/W3164317619","https://openalex.org/W3198295470","https://openalex.org/W4200597240","https://openalex.org/W4205205710","https://openalex.org/W4295088039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388247877","https://openalex.org/W2362963703","https://openalex.org/W2379241680","https://openalex.org/W2904818008","https://openalex.org/W2904314268","https://openalex.org/W57958781","https://openalex.org/W1554274402","https://openalex.org/W2114477748","https://openalex.org/W2351645295","https://openalex.org/W2949289020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,49],"Lightweight":[1],"Cryptographic":[2],"Key":[3],"Distribution":[4],"Protocol":[5],"(LOKI)":[6],"was":[7,71],"initially":[8],"proposed":[9],"as":[10],"a":[11,32,35,67,99],"solution":[12],"that":[13,42,58],"enables":[14],"computationally":[15],"restricted":[16],"automotive":[17],"control":[18],"units":[19],"to":[20,60,77],"periodically":[21],"update":[22],"short-term":[23],"authentication":[24],"keys.":[25],"After":[26],"analysing":[27],"the":[28,43,62,79,85,88,92],"protocol":[29,44,56,94],"messaging":[30],"from":[31],"security":[33,47],"and":[34,83],"formal":[36,68],"point":[37],"of":[38,81,87],"view,":[39],"we":[40],"found":[41],"lacks":[45],"critical":[46],"properties.":[48],"work":[50],"at":[51],"hand":[52],"introduces":[53],"an":[54],"improved":[55,89,93],"version":[57],"intents":[59],"address":[61],"initial":[63],"design":[64],"flaws.":[65],"Moreover,":[66],"automated":[69],"verification":[70],"conducted":[72],"on":[73],"both":[74],"protocols,":[75],"first":[76],"demonstrate":[78],"shortcomings":[80],"LOKI,":[82],"secondly,":[84],"correctness":[86],"variant.":[90],"Finally,":[91],"is":[95],"formally":[96],"verified":[97],"with":[98],"Burrows-Abadi-Needham":[100],"(BAN)":[101],"logic":[102],"analysis.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}