{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2938072458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccnc.2019.8685588","title":"Evaluating the Performance and Energy Efficiency of OpenGL and Vulkan on a Graphics Rendering Server","display_name":"Evaluating the Performance and Energy Efficiency of OpenGL and Vulkan on a Graphics Rendering Server","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2938072458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccnc.2019.8685588","mag":"2938072458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccnc.2019.8685588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccnc.2019.8685588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498526","display_name":"2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112429464","display_name":"Michael Lujan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Lujan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023217463","display_name":"M Baum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Baum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101686654","display_name":"Dayuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9644-7584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008451482","display_name":"Ziliang Zong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2693-7419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziliang Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112429464"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96956522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"777","last_page":"781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9110000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7841917276382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opengl","display_name":"OpenGL","score":0.7774385213851929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.7665133476257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.74435955286026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.5791793465614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-rendering","display_name":"Software rendering","score":0.5083617568016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-computer-graphics","display_name":"3D computer graphics","score":0.38191428780555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13794928789138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.13238412141799927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7841917276382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778305236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178570","display_name":"OpenGL","level":3,"score":0.7774385213851929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.7665133476257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.74435955286026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.5791793465614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109772839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297645","display_name":"Software rendering","level":4,"score":0.5083617568016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66629338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189177","display_name":"3D computer graphics","level":3,"score":0.38191428780555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13794928789138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.13238412141799927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccnc.2019.8685588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccnc.2019.8685588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498526","display_name":"2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2322633102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378022065","https://openalex.org/W2386089731","https://openalex.org/W2156603439","https://openalex.org/W2032706116","https://openalex.org/W2393062505","https://openalex.org/W2377719803","https://openalex.org/W2186557420","https://openalex.org/W1598942666","https://openalex.org/W2348800738","https://openalex.org/W1546258640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open":[0],"Graphics":[1],"Library":[2],"(OpenGL)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"the":[6,57,71,90,124],"de":[7],"facto":[8],"industry":[9],"standard":[10],"of":[11,59,95,120],"2D":[12],"and":[13,29,36,50,73,92,97,127],"3D":[14],"graphics":[15,67,101],"rendering":[16,81,102],"for":[17],"decades.":[18],"As":[19,42],"OpenGL":[20,96,129],"continued":[21],"to":[22,27,69,76],"evolve,":[23],"it":[24],"becomes":[25,53],"easier":[26],"use":[28],"more":[30],"powerful":[31],"by":[32],"accommodating":[33],"heterogeneous":[34],"hardware":[35],"hiding":[37],"optimization":[38],"details":[39],"from":[40],"developers.":[41],"a":[43,65,86,100],"side":[44],"effect,":[45],"its":[46,51],"overhead":[47,72],"gradually":[48],"increases":[49],"performance":[52,91,111,135],"unpredictable.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"weaknesses":[58],"OpenGL,":[60],"Vulkan":[61,98,115],"was":[62],"proposed":[63],"as":[64],"thin":[66],"API":[68],"reduce":[70],"allow":[74],"developers":[75],"gain":[77],"grainer":[78],"control":[79],"over":[80],"process.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"conducts":[85],"comprehensive":[87],"evaluation":[88],"on":[89,99],"energy":[93,121],"efficiency":[94],"server.":[103],"Our":[104],"experimental":[105],"results":[106],"show":[107],"that":[108],"1)":[109],"OpenGL\u2019s":[110],"is":[112,142],"unpredictable;":[113],"2)":[114],"can":[116],"save":[117],"significant":[118],"amount":[119],"while":[122],"maintaining":[123],"same":[125],"performance;":[126],"3)":[128],"cannot":[130],"keep":[131],"up":[132],"with":[133],"Vulkan\u2019s":[134],"when":[136],"an":[137],"extremely":[138],"high":[139],"frame":[140],"rate":[141],"required.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}