{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3172556138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccicc50026.2020.9450253","title":"Misspelling Correction with Pre-trained Contextual Language Model","display_name":"Misspelling Correction with Pre-trained Contextual Language Model","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3172556138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccicc50026.2020.9450253","mag":"3172556138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccicc50026.2020.9450253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccicc50026.2020.9450253","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 19th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052103169","display_name":"Yifei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6673-1410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060145837","display_name":"Xiaonan Jing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaonan Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015921856","display_name":"Youlim Ko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youlim Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055392823","display_name":"Julia Taylor Rayz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3786-2416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Taylor Rayz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052103169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89447191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"144","last_page":"149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.8918285369873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.855111300945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7208223342895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6851398348808289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5896962881088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5795886516571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.5655640363693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5264345407485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4489330053329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.44543319940567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edit-distance","display_name":"Edit distance","score":0.4434019923210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4209403395652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2052055299282074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.8918285369873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.855111300945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7208223342895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6851398348808289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5896962881088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5795886516571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.5655640363693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5264345407485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4489330053329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.44543319940567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44359876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5338467","display_name":"Edit distance","level":2,"score":0.4434019923210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4209403395652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2052055299282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccicc50026.2020.9450253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccicc50026.2020.9450253","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 19th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1938755728","https://openalex.org/W2016871293","https://openalex.org/W2018616927","https://openalex.org/W2066792529","https://openalex.org/W2114342377","https://openalex.org/W2124725212","https://openalex.org/W2140019808","https://openalex.org/W2153393503","https://openalex.org/W2787560479","https://openalex.org/W2790057576","https://openalex.org/W2793978524","https://openalex.org/W2810035278","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899508708","https://openalex.org/W2951559648","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963691697","https://openalex.org/W2964132420","https://openalex.org/W2970968076","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W3011039321","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6636915900","https://openalex.org/W6678481887","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6753036352","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6756051847","https://openalex.org/W6769243733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1974418053","https://openalex.org/W2021532426","https://openalex.org/W2530486443","https://openalex.org/W2081317458","https://openalex.org/W2228086542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spelling":[0],"irregularities,":[1],"known":[2],"now":[3],"as":[4],"spelling":[5,58,116,170],"mistakes,":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"found":[9],"for":[10,108,141],"several":[11],"centuries.":[12],"As":[13],"humans,":[14,37],"we":[15,113],"are":[16,52,78,96,165],"able":[17],"to":[18],"understand":[19],"most":[20],"of":[21,48,149,160,167],"the":[22,30,43,75,137],"misspelled":[23],"words":[24],"based":[25,133],"on":[26,90,134],"their":[27],"location":[28],"in":[29,74,121],"sentence,":[31],"perceived":[32],"pronunciation,":[33],"and":[34,136,143,162],"context.":[35],"Unlike":[36],"computer":[38],"systems":[39,62,72,88],"do":[40,63],"not":[41,64],"possess":[42],"convenient":[44],"auto":[45],"complete":[46],"functionality":[47],"which":[49],"human":[50],"brains":[51],"capable.":[53],"While":[54],"many":[55,61,82,95],"programs":[56],"provide":[57],"correction":[59],"functionality,":[60],"take":[65],"context":[66],"into":[67],"account.":[68],"Moreover,":[69],"Artificial":[70],"Intelligence":[71],"function":[73],"way":[76],"they":[77],"trained":[79,89],"on.":[80],"With":[81],"current":[83],"Natural":[84],"Language":[85],"Processing":[86],"(NLP)":[87],"grammatically":[91],"correct":[92],"text":[93,104],"data,":[94],"vulnerable":[97],"against":[98],"adversarial":[99],"examples,":[100],"yet":[101],"correctly":[102],"spelled":[103],"processing":[105],"is":[106],"crucial":[107],"learning.":[109],"In":[110],"this":[111],"paper,":[112],"investigate":[114],"how":[115],"errors":[117],"can":[118],"be":[119],"corrected":[120],"context,":[122],"with":[123],"a":[124],"pre-trained":[125],"language":[126],"model":[127],"BERT.":[128],"We":[129],"present":[130],"two":[131],"experiments,":[132],"BERT":[135,161],"edit":[138,163],"distance":[139,164],"algorithm,":[140],"ranking":[142],"selecting":[144],"candidate":[145],"corrections.":[146],"The":[147],"results":[148],"our":[150],"experiments":[151],"demonstrated":[152],"that":[153],"when":[154],"combined":[155],"properly,":[156],"contextual":[157],"word":[158],"embeddings":[159],"capable":[166],"effectively":[168],"correcting":[169],"errors.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}