{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1562956586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icci-cc.2015.7259368","title":"A cognitive multifractal approach to characterize complexity of non-stationary and malicious DNS data traffic using adaptive sliding window","display_name":"A cognitive multifractal approach to characterize complexity of non-stationary and malicious DNS data traffic using adaptive sliding window","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1562956586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icci-cc.2015.7259368","mag":"1562956586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icci-cc.2015.7259368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icci-cc.2015.7259368","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 14th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101660547","display_name":"Muhammad Asif Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2925-8841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Salman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078474142","display_name":"Ken Ferens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1031-0518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Ferens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038834884","display_name":"Witold Kinsner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-1410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Witold Kinsner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101660547"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9976,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92530115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"76","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10244","display_name":"Chaos control and synchronization","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multifractal-system","display_name":"Multifractal system","score":0.8262065649032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6379068493843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.610336184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-protocol","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","score":0.6075531244277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.5499802827835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5402002930641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5120249390602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.44857582449913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.42964038252830505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal-dimension","display_name":"Fractal dimension","score":0.42398643493652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.4101521372795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3779861032962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.3190602660179138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25750043988227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2449694573879242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.23558273911476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.1415022909641266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1324845254421234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133905733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2629238","display_name":"Multifractal system","level":3,"score":0.8262065649032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6379068493843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.610336184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.6075531244277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.5499802827835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5402002930641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5120249390602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.44857582449913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.42964038252830505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26546657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412452","display_name":"Fractal dimension","level":3,"score":0.42398643493652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.4101521372795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3779861032962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.3190602660179138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25750043988227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2449694573879242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.23558273911476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.1415022909641266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1324845254421234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icci-cc.2015.7259368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icci-cc.2015.7259368","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 14th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca:1993/33600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1993/33600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400554","display_name":"Mspace (University of Manitoba)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","host_organization_name":"University of Manitoba","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doctoral thesis"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20811199","https://openalex.org/W813703168","https://openalex.org/W1527685850","https://openalex.org/W1649821320","https://openalex.org/W1667165204","https://openalex.org/W1766888123","https://openalex.org/W1827896688","https://openalex.org/W1908930637","https://openalex.org/W1963958326","https://openalex.org/W1987308187","https://openalex.org/W1988382961","https://openalex.org/W1996929130","https://openalex.org/W2032121576","https://openalex.org/W2059896885","https://openalex.org/W2068341980","https://openalex.org/W2109568710","https://openalex.org/W2119551543","https://openalex.org/W2124918924","https://openalex.org/W2130602610","https://openalex.org/W2139669429","https://openalex.org/W2147614994","https://openalex.org/W2148184720","https://openalex.org/W2161010017","https://openalex.org/W2172176129","https://openalex.org/W2174214303","https://openalex.org/W2221831393","https://openalex.org/W2252498284","https://openalex.org/W2312612988","https://openalex.org/W2419381604","https://openalex.org/W3015363405","https://openalex.org/W3098309184","https://openalex.org/W3103141061","https://openalex.org/W3194764383","https://openalex.org/W6647280554","https://openalex.org/W6698619305","https://openalex.org/W6776086892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1639315488","https://openalex.org/W2056486084","https://openalex.org/W4382488079","https://openalex.org/W2042397562","https://openalex.org/W2356714366","https://openalex.org/W282492026","https://openalex.org/W4212788579","https://openalex.org/W2793528815","https://openalex.org/W2110584574","https://openalex.org/W2358416728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,94],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,51,103,143],"cognitive":[4],"feature":[5],"extraction":[6],"model":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9,122],"scaling":[10],"and":[11,112,125,138],"multifractal":[12,52],"dimension":[13,54],"trajectory":[14,55,66,88],"to":[15,69,107],"analyze":[16],"internet":[17],"traffic":[18,25],"time":[19,26,48],"series.":[20,132,148],"DNS":[21,33,47],"(Domain":[22],"Naming":[23],"System)":[24],"series":[27,49,105],"is":[28,96,119],"considered":[29],"that":[30],"contains":[31],"tagged":[32],"Denial":[34],"of":[35,41,59,64,77,82,102,110,114,128],"Service":[36],"attacks.":[37],"The":[38,74],"first":[39],"step":[40],"the":[42,46,65,80,86,108],"analysis":[43],"involves":[44],"transforming":[45],"into":[50],"variance":[53,91],"keeping":[56],"statistical":[57],"stationarity":[58],"data":[60,104,131,147],"intact.":[61],"Then":[62],"features":[63,78],"are":[67],"extracted":[68,75],"remove":[70],"high":[71],"variability":[72],"noise.":[73],"set":[76],"indicates":[79],"presence":[81,109],"an":[83],"attack":[84,116],"when":[85],"denoised":[87],"shows":[89],"increasing":[90],"fractal":[92],"dimension.":[93],"technique":[95,135],"superior":[97],"in":[98,130,142],"finding":[99],"changing":[100],"patterns":[101],"due":[106],"noise":[111],"denial":[113],"service":[115],"because":[117],"it":[118],"not":[120],"dependent":[121],"integer":[123],"dimensions":[124],"mono-scale":[126],"measurement":[127],"variations":[129],"Moreover,":[133],"this":[134],"provides":[136],"adaptive":[137],"locally":[139],"stationary":[140,146],"windows":[141],"highly":[144],"non":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}