{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7141405266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icce67443.2026.11449764","title":"Unsupervised Correlation-Based Classification of IoT Malware for Consumer Devices","display_name":"Unsupervised Correlation-Based Classification of IoT Malware for Consumer Devices","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7141405266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icce67443.2026.11449764"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icce67443.2026.11449764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icce67443.2026.11449764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053439651","display_name":"Sara Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6617-5263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sara Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT),National Research Council (CNR),Pisa,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT),National Research Council (CNR),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042418294","display_name":"Abraham Gebrehiwot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abraham Gebrehiwot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT),National Research Council (CNR),Pisa,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT),National Research Council (CNR),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127001927","display_name":"Filippo Maria Lauria","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Maria Lauria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT),National Research Council (CNR),Pisa,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT),National Research Council (CNR),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018881921","display_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Saud University,Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA),Riyadh,Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Saud University,Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA),Riyadh,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053439651"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94498585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.8766000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.8766000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.04190000146627426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.5576000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3319000005722046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.5576000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.219200000166893}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icce67443.2026.11449764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icce67443.2026.11449764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360903897","https://openalex.org/W3042397424","https://openalex.org/W3135306750","https://openalex.org/W3157039573","https://openalex.org/W3158792679","https://openalex.org/W3174784095","https://openalex.org/W4281710749","https://openalex.org/W4377141523","https://openalex.org/W4379879885","https://openalex.org/W4386041582","https://openalex.org/W4396524767","https://openalex.org/W4399300323","https://openalex.org/W4400858567","https://openalex.org/W4401107035","https://openalex.org/W4401251656","https://openalex.org/W4402215618","https://openalex.org/W4403675889","https://openalex.org/W4406348793"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Consumer":[0],"Internet":[1,32],"of":[2,67,108,131],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"devices,":[5,216],"including":[6,178],"home":[7,212],"routers,":[8],"smart":[9],"cameras,":[10],"DVRs,":[11],"and":[12,30,50,71,97,122,142,165,182,187,217],"other":[13],"embedded":[14],"appliances,":[15],"remain":[16],"prime":[17],"targets":[18],"for":[19,198,211],"botnet":[20,95,196],"operators":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,93],"weak":[24],"security":[25,219],"postures,":[26],"fragmented":[27],"firmware":[28],"ecosystems,":[29],"continuous":[31],"exposure.":[33],"Compromised":[34],"devices":[35],"form":[36],"large-scale":[37],"botnets":[38],"that":[39,85,194],"threaten":[40],"consumer":[41,114,199],"electronics":[42],"(CE)":[43],"environments":[44],"through":[45],"DDoS":[46],"attacks,":[47],"credential":[48],"brute-forcing,":[49],"rapid":[51],"malware":[52,124,173],"propagation.":[53],"Existing":[54],"detection":[55],"frameworks":[56],"typically":[57],"rely":[58],"on":[59],"dynamic":[60,102],"sandboxing":[61],"or":[62],"large":[63],"labeled":[64],"datasets,":[65],"both":[66],"which":[68],"introduce":[69],"computational":[70],"operational":[72],"overheads":[73],"incompatible":[74],"with":[75,89,139],"consumer-edge":[76],"deployments.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"presents":[80],"a":[81,105,109,149],"lightweight":[82],"cross-layer":[83],"methodology":[84],"integrates":[86],"honeypot":[87,112],"logs":[88],"static":[90,158],"ELF":[91,135],"analysis":[92],"infer":[94],"families":[96],"campaign":[98],"structures":[99],"without":[100],"requiring":[101],"execution.":[103],"Using":[104],"year-long":[106],"deployment":[107],"Cowrie":[110],"SSH/Telnet":[111],"emulating":[113],"IoT":[115,200],"behavior,":[116],"we":[117],"analyze":[118],"14.2M":[119],"log":[120],"events":[121],"140":[123],"binaries":[125],"captured":[126],"in":[127,145],"the":[128],"wild.":[129],"Indicators":[130],"compromise":[132],"extracted":[133],"from":[134,157],"strings":[136],"are":[137,160],"correlated":[138],"URLs,":[140],"IPs,":[141],"filenames":[143],"observed":[144],"attacker":[146],"sessions,":[147],"yielding":[148],"35.7%":[150],"direct":[151],"log\u2013payload":[152],"linkage.":[153],"Compact":[154],"embeddings":[155],"derived":[156],"attributes":[159],"clustered":[161],"via":[162],"unsupervised":[163],"learning":[164],"interpreted":[166],"using":[167,205],"semi-supervised":[168],"labeling,":[169],"revealing":[170],"eight":[171],"well-separated":[172],"groups":[174],"(Silhouette":[175],"=":[176],"0.835)":[177],"UPX-packed":[179],"loaders,":[180],"Mirai":[181],"Gafgyt":[183],"variants,":[184],"Mirai/Mozi":[185],"hybrids,":[186],"emerging":[188],"Go-based":[189],"worms.":[190],"Our":[191],"results":[192],"show":[193],"effective":[195],"intelligence":[197],"ecosystems":[201],"can":[202],"be":[203],"achieved":[204],"scalable,":[206],"explainable,":[207],"static-only":[208],"techniques":[209],"suitable":[210],"networks,":[213],"ISP":[214],"CPE":[215],"edge":[218],"solutions.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T06:01:01.467347","created_date":"2026-03-28T00:00:00"}
