{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388937740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307556","title":"Comparative Analysis of Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Facial Expression Recognition","display_name":"Comparative Analysis of Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Facial Expression Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388937740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066736122","display_name":"Nongmeikapam Thoiba Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2215-9269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101407740","display_name":"Chandigarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4pvx35","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nongmeikapam Thoiba Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043043277","display_name":"Ritu Ritu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5594-3638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101407740","display_name":"Chandigarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4pvx35","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ritu Ritu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038745300","display_name":"Charnpreet Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5090-8541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101407740","display_name":"Chandigarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4pvx35","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charnpreet Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014049839","display_name":"Amrita Chaudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-0717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101407740","display_name":"Chandigarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4pvx35","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amrita Chaudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chandigarh University,Department of Computer Science Engineering,Punjab,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066736122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7975,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85675296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paralanguage","display_name":"Paralanguage","score":0.7491582036018372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6518844366073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.63517165184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5830538272857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5796787738800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5544918775558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5350018739700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5235435962677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","score":0.511097252368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5009090900421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32652053236961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15442097187042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.12090590596199036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133378560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753225","display_name":"Paralanguage","level":2,"score":0.7491582036018372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6518844366073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.63517165184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5830538272857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5796787738800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5544918775558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5350018739700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5235435962677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.511097252368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5009090900421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32652053236961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15442097187042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.12090590596199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970030635","https://openalex.org/W2032683666","https://openalex.org/W2038176525","https://openalex.org/W2217426128","https://openalex.org/W2246249023","https://openalex.org/W2296145878","https://openalex.org/W2299979666","https://openalex.org/W2485954569","https://openalex.org/W2500329338","https://openalex.org/W2506506742","https://openalex.org/W2600389231","https://openalex.org/W2609211153","https://openalex.org/W2611154248","https://openalex.org/W2658460662","https://openalex.org/W2732550011","https://openalex.org/W2750692136","https://openalex.org/W2883848153","https://openalex.org/W2892057769","https://openalex.org/W2895333097","https://openalex.org/W2900180747","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2910166529","https://openalex.org/W2934832377","https://openalex.org/W2963875208","https://openalex.org/W2989012261","https://openalex.org/W2995166707","https://openalex.org/W3102246728","https://openalex.org/W3162591082","https://openalex.org/W3197790397","https://openalex.org/W4224233057","https://openalex.org/W4226138086","https://openalex.org/W4254575656","https://openalex.org/W4281488040","https://openalex.org/W6737023044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064370490","https://openalex.org/W3166813893","https://openalex.org/W2910013580","https://openalex.org/W2391900574","https://openalex.org/W3216127223","https://openalex.org/W2021282349","https://openalex.org/W4300791167","https://openalex.org/W2366861499","https://openalex.org/W2433199847","https://openalex.org/W2415608210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1,42,65],"recognition":[2],"(FER)":[3],"serves":[4,177],"as":[5,178],"a":[6,22,82,99,116,179],"rapidly":[7],"developing":[8],"and":[9,28,52,56,125,159,198],"important":[10],"research":[11,139,175],"space":[12],"in":[13,25,74,107,141,195,200],"the":[14,91,137,170,196,201],"domain":[15],"of":[16,36,63,70,84,101,118,153,169],"pattern":[17],"identification.":[18,66],"Nonverbal":[19],"communication":[20,58],"plays":[21],"big":[23],"part":[24],"daily":[26],"life,":[27],"it":[29],"accounts":[30],"for":[31,144,185,190],"roughly":[32],"55%":[33],"to":[34,109,134,193],"93%":[35],"all":[37,60],"communication.":[38],"Robotics,":[39],"video":[40],"footage,":[41],"recognition,":[43],"home":[44],"automation,":[45],"electronic":[46],"games,":[47],"patient":[48],"monitoring,":[49],"mood":[50],"disorders":[51],"anxiety":[53],"diagnosis,":[54],"psychoanalysis,":[55],"paralinguistic":[57],"are":[59,105,123,128],"effective":[61],"applications":[62],"facial":[64],"A":[67],"thorough":[68],"analysis":[69,152],"FER":[71,121,154,202],"is":[72,79,182],"provided":[73],"this":[75,97,142,147,174],"paper.":[76],"The":[77],"literature":[78],"compiled":[80],"from":[81],"variety":[83,100],"credible":[85],"studies":[86],"that":[87,181],"were":[88],"released":[89],"during":[90],"most":[92],"recent":[93],"ten":[94],"years.":[95],"In":[96,114,132],"review,":[98],"deep":[102,160],"learning":[103,112,158,161],"techniques":[104],"employed":[106],"addition":[108],"traditional":[110],"machine":[111,157],"methods.":[113],"addition,":[115],"number":[117],"freely":[119],"available":[120],"datasets":[122],"analysed,":[124],"standard":[126],"outcomes":[127],"contrasted":[129],"with":[130],"them.":[131],"order":[133],"point":[135],"out":[136],"subsequent":[138],"needed":[140],"field":[143],"future":[145,197],"researchers,":[146],"study":[148,176],"provides":[149],"an":[150,166],"in-depth":[151],"using":[155],"conventional":[156],"strategies.":[162],"Finally,":[163],"by":[164],"providing":[165],"overall":[167],"comprehension":[168],"latest":[171],"cutting-edge":[172],"techniques,":[173],"manual":[180],"extremely":[183],"beneficial":[184],"both":[186],"experienced":[187],"researchers":[188],"looking":[189],"fruitful":[191],"directions":[192],"pursue":[194],"academicians":[199],"field.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}