{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413822979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn65249.2025.11133836","title":"Efficient Batch Opening Schemes for Merkle Tree Commitment with Applications to Trustless Cross-chain Bridge","display_name":"Efficient Batch Opening Schemes for Merkle Tree Commitment with Applications to Trustless Cross-chain Bridge","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413822979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn65249.2025.11133836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icccn65249.2025.11133836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn65249.2025.11133836","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 34th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068527949","display_name":"Bingsheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2320-9582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingsheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119473961","display_name":"Wuyunsiqin Wuyunsiqin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuyunsiqin Wuyunsiqin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069883382","display_name":"Xun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8545-6263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082774652","display_name":"Markulf Kohlweiss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-9663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markulf Kohlweiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh,School of Informatics,Edinburgh,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh,School of Informatics,Edinburgh,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105297718","display_name":"Kui Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-2591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8528000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8528000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.8518000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.8428999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6300411820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.5686134696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5572168827056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5166469216346741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16037362813949585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6300411820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5686134696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5572168827056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5166469216346741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16037362813949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icccn65249.2025.11133836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn65249.2025.11133836","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 34th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111294696","https://openalex.org/W1566345534","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1909324101","https://openalex.org/W2148828749","https://openalex.org/W2224364690","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2913353093","https://openalex.org/W3196396801","https://openalex.org/W4253496694","https://openalex.org/W4312359519","https://openalex.org/W4384009646","https://openalex.org/W4405183466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W1501776718","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2615136228","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"blockchain":[1,77],"systems,":[2],"Merkle":[3,53,96,102,162,182],"trees":[4],"represent":[5],"a":[6,90,136,222,228],"fundamental":[7],"cryptographic":[8],"structure":[9,164],"for":[10,76,95,186],"verifying":[11],"the":[12,21,44,80,110,130,144,159,172,181,202,243],"validity":[13,50,151],"of":[14,84,112,129,132,176,219,230],"public":[15,33,48,149],"keys":[16],"in":[17,36,47,62,242],"digital":[18],"signatures.":[19],"However,":[20],"verification":[22,51,247],"process":[23],"presents":[24],"significant":[25],"computational":[26,82,145],"challenges,":[27],"particularly":[28,124],"when":[29],"dealing":[30],"with":[31,56,148],"large-scale":[32],"key":[34,49,150],"participation":[35],"signing":[37],"operations.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"focuses":[41],"on":[42,59,73,195],"addressing":[43],"efficiency":[45,122,175],"bottlenecks":[46],"within":[52],"tree":[54,97,103,138,163,183,233,251],"commitments,":[55],"particular":[57],"emphasis":[58],"their":[60],"application":[61],"trustless":[63],"cross-chain":[64,69],"bridge":[65],"protocols.":[66],"While":[67],"existing":[68,160],"solutions":[70],"predominantly":[71],"rely":[72],"zero-knowledge":[74],"proofs":[75],"state":[78],"validation,":[79],"inherent":[81],"cost":[83],"proof":[85,120,209,244],"generation":[86,121,210],"remains":[87],"prohibitive.We":[88],"present":[89],"novel":[91],"batch":[92,203],"opening":[93,184,204,217],"scheme":[94,205],"commitments":[98],"that":[99,201],"synergistically":[100],"integrates":[101],"construction":[104],"from":[105,215],"permutation":[106],"arguments":[107],"to":[108,158,213,224],"verify":[109],"membership":[111],"extensive":[113],"leaf":[114],"sets.":[115],"Our":[116,140,198],"approach":[117],"demonstrates":[118],"remarkable":[119],"advantages,":[123],"maintaining":[125],"consistent":[126],"performance":[127,256],"regardless":[128],"number":[131],"opened":[133],"leaves,":[134],"given":[135],"fixed":[137],"depth.":[139],"methods":[141],"significantly":[142],"reduce":[143],"overhead":[146],"associated":[147],"verification.":[152],"Meanwhile,":[153],"it":[154],"is":[155],"fully":[156],"applicable":[157],"classical":[161],"without":[165],"any":[166],"modifications":[167],"and":[168,174,192,246],"has":[169],"universality.To":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"practicality":[173],"our":[177,196,254],"scheme,":[178],"We":[179],"implemented":[180],"circuit":[185],"three":[187],"hash":[188],"functions":[189],"(Poseidon,":[190],"Rescue":[191],"Keccak)":[193],"based":[194],"scheme.":[197],"evaluation":[199],"shows":[200],"achieves":[206],"better":[207],"performance:":[208],"time":[211],"begins":[212],"shorten":[214],"an":[216],"ratio":[218,229],"0.25,":[220],"achieving":[221],"3.5":[223],"7.1\u00d7":[225],"improvement":[226],"at":[227],"0.75":[231],"(with":[232],"depth":[234,252],"=":[235],"9).":[236],"Similar":[237],"improvements":[238],"are":[239],"also":[240],"reflected":[241],"size":[245],"time.":[248],"Moreover,":[249],"as":[250],"increases,":[253],"method\u2019s":[255],"advantages":[257],"become":[258],"more":[259],"pronounced.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
