{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389160767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323794","title":"GRAFT: Graph-Assisted Reinforcement Learning for Automated SSD Firmware Testing","display_name":"GRAFT: Graph-Assisted Reinforcement Learning for Automated SSD Firmware Testing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389160767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323794"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323794","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101854291","display_name":"Yoon Hyeok Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-5266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yoon Hyeok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Machine Learning Technical Unit,Suwon,Republic of Korea","Machine Learning Technical Unit, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Machine Learning Technical Unit,Suwon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Technical Unit, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101939812","display_name":"Youngmin Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8271-0150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngmin Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Machine Learning Technical Unit,Suwon,Republic of Korea","Machine Learning Technical Unit, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Machine Learning Technical Unit,Suwon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Technical Unit, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048044262","display_name":"Gyohun Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-2116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyohun Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000690464","display_name":"Pi Mingyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Pi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113058594","display_name":"Hyukil Kwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyukil Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113058595","display_name":"Hakyoung Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakyoung Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104205489","display_name":"Eungchae Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eungchae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104201114","display_name":"Sung-Hee Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunghee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics,Solution Product Engineering,Hwaseong,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solution Product Engineering, Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112004989","display_name":"Bosun Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7229-8297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bosun Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Machine Learning Technical Unit,Suwon,Republic of Korea","Machine Learning Technical Unit, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Machine Learning Technical Unit,Suwon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Technical Unit, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101854291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4018,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63300789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9447000026702881,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9121999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.8763814568519592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8450554609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6822291612625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5012264251708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.4996964931488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4685348570346832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43785709142684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.41321098804473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.36891043186187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.32606810331344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.27238768339157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2593045234680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.23702481389045715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.8763814568519592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8450554609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6822291612625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5012264251708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.4996964931488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4685348570346832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43785709142684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.41321098804473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36891043186187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.32606810331344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27238768339157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2593045234680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23702481389045715}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323794","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2078575062","https://openalex.org/W2099395665","https://openalex.org/W2132022337","https://openalex.org/W2143098057","https://openalex.org/W2152417223","https://openalex.org/W2172253171","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2912771969","https://openalex.org/W2962711740","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W3036532492","https://openalex.org/W3170554148","https://openalex.org/W3171752851","https://openalex.org/W3209924365","https://openalex.org/W4246166885","https://openalex.org/W4288319859","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4298110250","https://openalex.org/W4322614756","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6730084236","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6748839928","https://openalex.org/W6749289006","https://openalex.org/W6752878676","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6764053384","https://openalex.org/W6803615784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582981600","https://openalex.org/W4389238932","https://openalex.org/W4387467152","https://openalex.org/W4212885212","https://openalex.org/W4379115910","https://openalex.org/W3010413952","https://openalex.org/W4253989935","https://openalex.org/W2810560948","https://openalex.org/W2070793896","https://openalex.org/W4206124993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Well-designed":[0],"test":[1],"cases":[2],"(TCs)":[3],"are":[4,29,60,199],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,52,62,100,184],"en-suring":[7],"the":[8,21,33,75,81,119,123,140,145,155,167,172,181,238,250],"quality":[9],"of":[10,122,147,174],"Solid-State":[11],"Drive":[12],"(SSD)":[13],"products.":[14],"Indeed,":[15],"validating":[16],"SSD":[17,34,76,124,130,182],"firmware":[18,46,125],"code":[19,47,126],"by":[20,106,212,226],"TCs":[22,44,198,211,239],"is":[23,39,164],"indispensable":[24],"to":[25,41,117,178,223],"check":[26],"if":[27],"there":[28],"no":[30],"defects":[31],"during":[32],"development":[35,77],"process.":[36,78,142],"Accordingly,":[37],"it":[38],"necessary":[40],"create":[42],"short":[43],"covering":[45],"as":[48,50,137],"much":[49],"possible":[51],"efficient":[53,204],"and":[54,96,221],"precise":[55],"validation.":[56],"While":[57],"various":[58],"methods":[59,248],"available":[61],"generating":[63],"TCs,":[64],"existing":[65],"automated":[66,101],"approaches":[67],"overlook":[68],"backward":[69],"compatibility,":[70],"a":[71,85,113,128,213],"key":[72],"property":[73],"in":[74,104,139,150,154,249],"To":[79,143],"utilize":[80],"property,":[82],"we":[83,186],"introduce":[84],"novel":[86],"deep-learning":[87],"approach":[88],"called":[89],"GRAFT,":[90],"which":[91,232],"combines":[92],"graph":[93,114,134],"representation":[94],"learning":[95,98],"reinforcement":[97],"(RL)":[99],"TC":[102],"generation":[103],"SSDs":[105],"leveraging":[107],"pre-collected":[108],"data.":[109,170],"G":[110],"RAFT":[111],"trains":[112,191],"neural":[115],"network":[116],"extract":[118],"underlying":[120],"structure":[121],"from":[127],"given":[129],"simulator.":[131],"The":[132,197],"resulting":[133],"embeddings":[135],"serve":[136],"observations":[138],"RL":[141,156,162,192],"address":[144],"challenge":[146],"over-":[148],"estimation":[149],"an":[151,160],"external":[152],"domain":[153,230],"process,":[157],"conservative":[158],"Q-Iearning,":[159],"offline":[161],"technique,":[163],"employed":[165],"using":[166],"pre-":[168],"collected":[169],"Despite":[171],"limitation":[173],"not":[175,200],"being":[176],"able":[177],"interact":[179],"with":[180,205,229],"simulator":[183],"training,":[185],"demonstrate":[187],"that":[188,194],"GRAFT":[189],"successfully":[190],"agents":[193],"generate":[195],"TCs.":[196],"only":[201],"significantly":[202],"more":[203,243],"3.5x":[206],"shorter":[207],"than":[208,245],"randomly":[209],"generated":[210],"black-box":[214],"fuzzer":[215],"but":[216],"also":[217],"exhibit":[218],"comparable":[219],"coverage":[220,242],"efficiency":[222],"those":[224],"created":[225],"human":[227],"experts":[228],"knowledge,":[231],"fully":[233],"took":[234],"three":[235],"days.":[236],"Moreover,":[237],"achieves":[240],"maximum":[241],"reliably":[244],"any":[246],"other":[247],"experiments.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}