{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389162799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323780","title":"An Anti-Removal-Attack Hardware Watermarking Method Based on Polymorphic Gates","display_name":"An Anti-Removal-Attack Hardware Watermarking Method Based on Polymorphic Gates","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389162799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323780","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323780","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016664111","display_name":"Yongliang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9212-5318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongliang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School,Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems,Shenzhen,China","Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School,Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050097039","display_name":"Xiaole Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-3703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaole Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School,Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems,Shenzhen,China","Peng Cheng Lab, Shenzhen, China","Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School,Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Lab, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057539657","display_name":"Pengyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-1008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School,Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems,Shenzhen,China","Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School,Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Integrated Microsystems, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012474783","display_name":"Gang Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6759-8949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81809886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"09"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8248656988143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7081025838851929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4406460225582123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3886060118675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3864986300468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.25288987159729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18061205744743347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8248656988143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7081025838851929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4406460225582123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3886060118675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3864986300468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.25288987159729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18061205744743347}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323780","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323780","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497117049","https://openalex.org/W1521839253","https://openalex.org/W1543270962","https://openalex.org/W1565539145","https://openalex.org/W1991679269","https://openalex.org/W2052353102","https://openalex.org/W2052561647","https://openalex.org/W2109914188","https://openalex.org/W2116288312","https://openalex.org/W2148354239","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2170623172","https://openalex.org/W2171734454","https://openalex.org/W2532898432","https://openalex.org/W2736598678","https://openalex.org/W2786393011","https://openalex.org/W2805261514","https://openalex.org/W2912122427","https://openalex.org/W2974859664","https://openalex.org/W3115565761","https://openalex.org/W4241041944","https://openalex.org/W4246591995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2361629745","https://openalex.org/W2107922825","https://openalex.org/W3094285444","https://openalex.org/W1568204688","https://openalex.org/W2381262728","https://openalex.org/W2111592878","https://openalex.org/W1846726187"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Watermarking":[0],"is":[1,98,146,170],"an":[2,139],"effective":[3],"way":[4],"to":[5,32,55,63,120,148,159,172,215],"protect":[6],"the":[7,36,40,47,53,57,68,72,83,87,92,96,104,112,122,135,150,155,161,166,174,181,195,205,221],"intellectual":[8],"properties":[9],"(IPs)":[10],"of":[11,39,152,204],"hardware.":[12],"The":[13,77,184],"polymorphic":[14,30,41,69,79,175],"gate":[15,168],"based":[16,144],"watermarking":[17,80],"technique":[18,145,169],"was":[19],"recently":[20],"proposed":[21,78,206],"where":[22],"certain":[23],"standard":[24,48,75],"logic":[25,49],"gates":[26,31,42,70,153,176],"are":[27,114,118,208],"replaced":[28,178],"by":[29,66,90],"embed":[33,216],"watermarks.":[34],"However,":[35],"special":[37],"structure":[38],"makes":[43],"them":[44,65],"distinguishable":[45],"from":[46],"gates.":[50,183],"It":[51],"enables":[52],"attacker":[54],"discover":[56],"watermarks":[58,85,218],"after":[59,134,231],"reverse":[60],"engineering,":[61],"and":[62,116,132,189,202,212,228],"remove":[64],"replacing":[67],"with":[71,154,180,220],"functional":[73],"equivalent":[74],"cells.":[76],"method":[81,207],"enhances":[82],"hardware":[84],"against":[86],"removal":[88,136,232],"attacks":[89],"reducing":[91],"IP's":[93],"quality":[94],"once":[95],"watermark":[97,163],"removed.":[99],"To":[100],"reach":[101],"this":[102],"goal,":[103],"specific":[105],"Satisfiability":[106],"Don't":[107],"Care":[108],"(SDC)":[109],"conditions":[110,158],"in":[111,126,198],"netlist":[113],"identified,":[115],"they":[117],"utilized":[119],"define":[121],"polymorphism":[123],"that":[124,194],"results":[125,186],"more":[127],"cost":[128],"on":[129,187],"delay,":[130,200],"power":[131,203],"area":[133,201],"attack.":[137],"Additionally,":[138],"observability":[140],"don't":[141],"care":[142],"(ODC)":[143],"introduced":[147,171],"increase":[149],"number":[151],"required":[156],"SDC":[157],"accommodate":[160],"long":[162],"bits.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"trap":[167],"avoid":[173],"being":[177],"back":[179],"original":[182,222],"simulation":[185],"ISCAS\u201885":[188],"MCNC":[190],"benchmark":[191],"circuits":[192],"show":[193],"average":[196],"overhead":[197],"circuit":[199],"only":[209],"3.97%,":[210],"4.75%":[211],"3.26%":[213],"respectively":[214,230],"128-bit":[217],"compared":[219],"circuits,":[223],"but":[224],"become":[225],"92.80%,":[226],"70.32%":[227],"53.55%,":[229],"attacks.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}