{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389166725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323688","title":"CRYSTALS-Dilithium on RISC-V Processor: Lightweight Secure Boot Using Post-Quantum Digital Signature","display_name":"CRYSTALS-Dilithium on RISC-V Processor: Lightweight Secure Boot Using Post-Quantum Digital Signature","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389166725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035499670","display_name":"Naina Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-9241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naina Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU,Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022166117","display_name":"Arpan Jati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1082-4049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195296446","display_name":"Temasek Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1z9s75","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195296446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162266279","display_name":"Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/0574eex11","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162266279"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpan Jati","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTU,Temasek Research Labs,Singapore","Temasek Research Labs, NTU, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTU,Temasek Research Labs,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162266279","https://openalex.org/I195296446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Research Labs, NTU, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162266279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089860351","display_name":"Anupam Chattopadhyay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-6983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupam Chattopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU,Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035499670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6979,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76843009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6692225337028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6639468669891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilithium","display_name":"Dilithium","score":0.6422197222709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5654988884925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5262728929519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-injection","display_name":"Fault injection","score":0.48029419779777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.46755778789520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.42029353976249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4144761562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3879323899745941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.29303431510925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.24066567420959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20514783263206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.09868422150611877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6692225337028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6639468669891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189242","display_name":"Dilithium","level":4,"score":0.6422197222709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5654988884925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5262728929519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.48029419779777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46755778789520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.42029353976249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4144761562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3879323899745941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.29303431510925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.24066567420959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20514783263206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.09868422150611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118629725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2686738","display_name":"Deprotonation","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085992264","https://openalex.org/W2102542363","https://openalex.org/W2149209089","https://openalex.org/W2160418053","https://openalex.org/W2741654699","https://openalex.org/W2884219450","https://openalex.org/W2887233729","https://openalex.org/W2936567838","https://openalex.org/W2941049640","https://openalex.org/W2946106542","https://openalex.org/W2961566779","https://openalex.org/W3029114445","https://openalex.org/W3036521249","https://openalex.org/W3036557299","https://openalex.org/W3085910988","https://openalex.org/W3117474894","https://openalex.org/W3123297087","https://openalex.org/W3126715157","https://openalex.org/W4229637647","https://openalex.org/W4252251132","https://openalex.org/W4296842505","https://openalex.org/W4308219461","https://openalex.org/W4379384493","https://openalex.org/W4385327521","https://openalex.org/W6790223702","https://openalex.org/W6904033467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158626348","https://openalex.org/W2950221173","https://openalex.org/W1988497436","https://openalex.org/W2136354148","https://openalex.org/W4240909249","https://openalex.org/W2062077317","https://openalex.org/W1984667502","https://openalex.org/W1984997072","https://openalex.org/W1975610140","https://openalex.org/W2023615683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,13,25,78,95,120,124,127],"ongoing":[2],"efforts":[3],"for":[4,18,89],"transitioning":[5],"towards":[6],"post-quantum":[7],"security,":[8],"NIST":[9],"has":[10],"recently":[11],"selected":[12],"digital":[14],"signature":[15],"algorithm":[16],"CRYSTALS-Dilithium":[17],"standardization.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"work,":[22],"we":[23,80,133],"demonstrate":[24],"first":[26],"Dilithium":[27],"based":[28],"hardware":[29,135],"accelerated":[30],"secure":[31,52,115,144],"boot":[32,53,116,145],"architecture":[33],"developed":[34],"around":[35],"Ariane,":[36],"an":[37,74],"open-source":[38],"RISC-":[39],"V":[40],"core.":[41],"By":[42],"utilizing":[43],"a":[44,51,82],"compact":[45],"design":[46,96],"with":[47,57],"novel":[48],"verification":[49],"engine,":[50],"flow":[54],"is":[55,117],"implemented":[56,134],"only":[58,103],"3.48ms":[59],"runtime":[60],"overhead":[61],"compared":[62],"to":[63,77],"normal":[64],"boot,":[65],"while":[66],"requiring":[67],"10.4K":[68],"LUTs":[69,90],"and":[70,86,91,106,123,138],"5.7K":[71],"FFs":[72,92],"on":[73,131],"FPGA.":[75],"Compared":[76],"state-of-the-art":[79],"achieve":[81],"reduction":[83],"of":[84,119,126],"3.42\u00d7":[85],"7.88":[87],"\u00d7":[88],"respectively.":[93],"Also,":[94],"when":[97],"realized":[98],"in":[99,142],"65nm":[100],"ASIC":[101],"requires":[102],"125":[104],"kGE":[105],"6.3":[107],"mW":[108],"power":[109],"at":[110],"100":[111],"MHz.":[112],"Further,":[113],"as":[114],"one":[118],"critical":[121],"processes":[122],"security":[125],"whole":[128],"system":[129],"depends":[130],"it,":[132],"fault":[136],"countermeasures":[137],"evaluated":[139],"their":[140],"effectiveness":[141],"preventing":[143],"bypass.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}