{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389162742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323672","title":"Falcon: Accelerating Homomorphically Encrypted Convolutions for Efficient Private Mobile Network Inference","display_name":"Falcon: Accelerating Homomorphically Encrypted Convolutions for Efficient Private Mobile Network Inference","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389162742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323672","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015784249","display_name":"Tianshi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-1957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianshi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457556","display_name":"Meng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2123-2444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002760019","display_name":"Runsheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7514-0767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runsheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, China","Institute of Electronic Design Automation, Peking University, wuxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Design Automation, Peking University, wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062886480","display_name":"Ru Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-4821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ru Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","Institute of Electronic Design Automation, Peking University, wuxi, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Design Automation, Peking University, wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015784249"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210100255"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5237,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72531776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7522269487380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6642013192176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.6419479250907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.619120717048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5324960947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.45660901069641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4551408886909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4300828278064728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.42704105377197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4168374538421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3504389822483063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21823462843894958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19944226741790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16568389534950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.13572409749031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10714030265808105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7522269487380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6642013192176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6419479250907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.619120717048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5324960947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45660901069641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4551408886909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4300828278064728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42704105377197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4168374538421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3504389822483063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21823462843894958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19944226741790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16568389534950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.13572409749031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10714030265808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad57390.2023.10323672","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4817879587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62125401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W398859631","https://openalex.org/W1969009977","https://openalex.org/W2002148379","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2551151849","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2955401130","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W3003532255","https://openalex.org/W3016063723","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3104454153","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3133749795","https://openalex.org/W3165750456","https://openalex.org/W3170873418","https://openalex.org/W3200754280","https://openalex.org/W3203851772","https://openalex.org/W3213906859","https://openalex.org/W4224211478","https://openalex.org/W4280605290","https://openalex.org/W4293024129","https://openalex.org/W4293783465","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4297952240","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4321393203","https://openalex.org/W4390421891","https://openalex.org/W6631660994","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6757936429","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6793164127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1987128138","https://openalex.org/W2743976221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"networks,":[1],"e.g.,":[2,103],"MobileNetV2,":[3],"EfficientNet,":[4],"etc,":[5],"achieves":[6,109],"state-of-the-art":[7],"(SOTA)":[8],"accuracy":[9,136],"with":[10,146],"lightweight":[11],"computation.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"homomorphic":[15],"encryption":[16],"(HE)-based":[17],"two-party":[18],"computation":[19,48],"(2PC)":[20],"frameworks":[21],"are":[22],"not":[23],"op-timized":[24],"for":[25,71,93,131],"these":[26],"networks":[27],"and":[28,50,82,106,116,134,142],"suffer":[29],"from":[30,41],"a":[31,77,83],"high":[32],"inference":[33],"overhead.":[34],"We":[35],"observe":[36],"the":[37,42,47,51,90],"inefficiency":[38],"mainly":[39],"comes":[40],"packing":[43,69,80,91],"algorithm,":[44],"which":[45],"ignores":[46],"character-istics":[49],"communication":[52],"bottleneck":[53],"of":[54],"homomorphically":[55],"encrypted":[56],"depthwise":[57],"convolutions.":[58],"Therefore,":[59],"in":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"Falcon,":[65],"an":[66],"effective":[67],"dense":[68],"algorithm":[70,81],"HE-based":[72,100],"2PC":[73,101],"frameworks.":[74],"Falcon":[75,108,129],"features":[76],"zero-aware":[78],"greedy":[79],"communication-aware":[84],"operator":[85,123],"tiling":[86],"strategy":[87],"to":[88,98],"improve":[89],"density":[92],"depth":[94],"wise":[95],"convo-lutions.":[96],"Compared":[97],"SOTA":[99],"frameworks,":[102],"CrypTFlow2,":[104],"Iron":[105],"Cheetah,":[107],"more":[110],"than":[111],"15.6":[112],"x,":[113],"5.1":[114],"x":[115,118],"1.8":[117],"latency":[119],"reduction,":[120],"respectively,":[121],"at":[122,126],"level.":[124],"Meanwhile,":[125],"network":[127],"level,":[128],"allows":[130],"1.4":[132],"%":[133],"4.2%":[135],"improvement":[137],"over":[138],"Cheetah":[139],"on":[140],"CIFAR-100":[141],"Tiny":[143],"Imagenet":[144],"datasets":[145],"iso-communication,":[147],"respecitvely.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
