{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200477077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643569","title":"Bit-Transformer: Transforming Bit-level Sparsity into Higher Preformance in ReRAM-based Accelerator","display_name":"Bit-Transformer: Transforming Bit-level Sparsity into Higher Preformance in ReRAM-based Accelerator","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200477077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608354","display_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017670541","display_name":"Fangxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8769-293X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fangxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101689698","display_name":"Wenbo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-1304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036755436","display_name":"Zhezhi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6357-236X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhezhi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107269495","display_name":"Zongwu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2157-4927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongwu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101870121","display_name":"Yilong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-9027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034303334","display_name":"Yongbiao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7727-5489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053801300","display_name":"Li Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7353-8798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017670541"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I4210122302"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3857,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99465565,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.8761969804763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.8402800559997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7770516276359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor","display_name":"Memristor","score":0.5315266251564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.49756601452827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.49716833233833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4927099049091339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4457547664642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.43378984928131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41648373007774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4120129942893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3523358404636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2241048514842987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21757137775421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14461585879325867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10928606986999512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.8761969804763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.8402800559997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7770516276359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.5315266251564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.49756601452827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.49716833233833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4927099049091339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4457547664642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.43378984928131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41648373007774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4120129942893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3523358404636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2241048514842987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21757137775421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14461585879325867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10928606986999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608354","display_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2105102111","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2739789140","https://openalex.org/W2794243109","https://openalex.org/W2794288888","https://openalex.org/W2799229073","https://openalex.org/W2883149906","https://openalex.org/W2913431662","https://openalex.org/W2916954108","https://openalex.org/W2946522000","https://openalex.org/W2949674408","https://openalex.org/W2963027573","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2979535540","https://openalex.org/W2979663695","https://openalex.org/W2996874060","https://openalex.org/W3003175769","https://openalex.org/W3003821665","https://openalex.org/W3021906994","https://openalex.org/W3042493405","https://openalex.org/W3043495022","https://openalex.org/W3091922395","https://openalex.org/W3104849992","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W4245731639","https://openalex.org/W4288618142","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6671150898","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6741553980","https://openalex.org/W6760069825","https://openalex.org/W6763353666","https://openalex.org/W6768840190","https://openalex.org/W6773270737","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6929352116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005999147","https://openalex.org/W2015497999","https://openalex.org/W2171130799","https://openalex.org/W2015477599","https://openalex.org/W2144085790","https://openalex.org/W2548135880","https://openalex.org/W3177379469","https://openalex.org/W3176428941","https://openalex.org/W2516929886","https://openalex.org/W4317826599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Resistive":[0],"Random-Access-Memory":[1],"(ReRAM)":[2],"crossbar":[3,77,157],"is":[4,41,51],"one":[5],"of":[6,29,33,39,69,104,125,179,203],"the":[7,27,64,67,76,80,95,98,102,105,116,123,126,135,151,156,168,176,214],"most":[8],"promising":[9],"neural":[10],"network":[11],"accelerators,":[12],"thanks":[13],"to":[14,53,94,129,153,159,193],"its":[15],"in-memory":[16,46],"and":[17,31,101,198,206],"in-situ":[18],"analog":[19],"computing":[20,47],"abilities":[21],"for":[22,36,171],"Matrix":[23],"Multiplication-and-Accumulations":[24],"(MACs).":[25],"Nevertheless,":[26],"number":[28],"rows":[30],"columns":[32],"ReRAM":[34],"cells":[35],"concurrent":[37],"execution":[38],"MACs":[40],"constrained,":[42],"resulting":[43],"in":[44,63,75,201,213],"limited":[45],"throughput.":[48],"Moreover,":[49],"it":[50],"challenging":[52],"deploy":[54],"Deep":[55],"Neural":[56],"Network(DNN)":[57],"models":[58],"with":[59,115],"large":[60],"model":[61],"size":[62],"crossbar,":[65],"since":[66],"sparsity":[68,100,170],"DNNs":[70,128],"cannot":[71],"be":[72,160,211],"effectively":[73],"exploited":[74],"structure.":[78],"As":[79],"countermeasure,":[81],"we":[82,144],"develop":[83],"a":[84,110],"novel":[85],"ReRAM-based":[86,106],"DNN":[87],"accelerator,":[88],"named":[89],"Bit-Transformer,":[90],"which":[91,119],"pays":[92],"attention":[93],"correlation":[96],"between":[97],"bit-level":[99,169],"performance":[103,172],"crossbar.":[107],"We":[108],"propose":[109],"superior":[111],"bit-flip":[112],"scheme":[113],"combined":[114],"exponent-based":[117],"quantization,":[118],"can":[120,149],"adaptively":[121],"flip":[122],"bits":[124],"mapped":[127],"release":[130],"redundant":[131],"space":[132],"without":[133],"sacrificing":[134],"accuracy":[136],"much":[137,140],"or":[138],"incurring":[139],"hardware":[141],"overhead.":[142],"Meanwhile,":[143],"design":[145],"an":[146],"architecture":[147],"that":[148,185],"integrate":[150],"techniques":[152],"massively":[154],"shrink":[155],"footprint":[158],"used.":[161],"In":[162],"this":[163],"way,":[164],"It":[165],"efficiently":[166],"leverages":[167],"gains":[173],"while":[174],"reducing":[175],"energy":[177],"consumption":[178],"computation.":[180],"The":[181],"comprehensive":[182],"experiments":[183],"indicate":[184],"our":[186],"Bit-Transformer":[187],"outperforms":[188],"prior":[189],"state-of-the-art":[190],"designs":[191],"up":[192],"13":[194],"x,":[195,197,200],"35":[196],"67":[199],"terms":[202],"energy-efficiency,":[204],"area-efficiency,":[205],"throughput,":[207],"respectively.":[208],"Code":[209],"will":[210],"open-source":[212],"camera-ready":[215],"version.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}