{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200501761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643485","title":"LoopBreaker: Disabling Interconnects to Mitigate Voltage-Based Attacks in Multi-Tenant FPGAs","display_name":"LoopBreaker: Disabling Interconnects to Mitigate Voltage-Based Attacks in Multi-Tenant FPGAs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200501761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643485","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040426334","display_name":"Hassan Nassar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1566-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Nassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017536216","display_name":"Hanna Alzughbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3582-197X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanna AlZughbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026813167","display_name":"Dennis R. E. Gnad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2839-4692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis R. E. Gnad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066227499","display_name":"Lars Bauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-4594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064445713","display_name":"Mehdi B. Tahoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi B. Tahoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063508488","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorg Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Computer Engineering (ITEC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2441,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95423065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.75346839427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.7505716681480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7453583478927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7330365777015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.6264020800590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5618879795074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5379474759101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.429205060005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13743442296981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.07437089085578918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.75346839427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.7505716681480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7453583478927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7330365777015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.6264020800590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5618879795074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5379474759101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.429205060005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13743442296981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.07437089085578918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643485","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088443347","https://openalex.org/W2146188244","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2157705066","https://openalex.org/W2279541644","https://openalex.org/W2626464680","https://openalex.org/W2725319527","https://openalex.org/W2758955467","https://openalex.org/W2761003783","https://openalex.org/W2775135017","https://openalex.org/W2800702583","https://openalex.org/W2884923139","https://openalex.org/W2899044382","https://openalex.org/W2934754865","https://openalex.org/W2945378913","https://openalex.org/W2955585750","https://openalex.org/W2966980899","https://openalex.org/W2973780393","https://openalex.org/W2996863257","https://openalex.org/W3002097482","https://openalex.org/W3014400029","https://openalex.org/W3034382323","https://openalex.org/W3036146501","https://openalex.org/W3042095305","https://openalex.org/W3093938463","https://openalex.org/W3099644249","https://openalex.org/W3181637428","https://openalex.org/W3190249143","https://openalex.org/W4242164861","https://openalex.org/W6679705657","https://openalex.org/W6756378822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808484818","https://openalex.org/W2135053878","https://openalex.org/W2941434274","https://openalex.org/W2340647897","https://openalex.org/W4249632163","https://openalex.org/W2797161794","https://openalex.org/W2096938998","https://openalex.org/W1760305469","https://openalex.org/W2103526090","https://openalex.org/W1574948540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FPGAs":[0],"are":[1,34,52,76],"being":[2],"offered":[3],"in":[4,54,117,128,165],"the":[5,43,64,71,89,109,158,175,199],"cloud":[6],"as":[7],"accelerator":[8],"resources":[9],"that":[10,24,49,106,142,203],"can":[11,107,204],"be":[12,151],"shared":[13],"among":[14],"multiple":[15,137],"users":[16],"(i.e.":[17,131],"tenants).":[18],"Recently,":[19],"various":[20,82],"approaches":[21,80],"have":[22,81],"shown":[23],"fault":[25],"attacks":[26,69,144,210],"launched":[27],"from":[28,177,211],"one":[29],"tenant":[30,115,160],"region":[31,161],"to":[32,37,57,91,119,150,156,173,179,191],"another":[33],"possible,":[35],"leading":[36,178],"timing":[38],"faults":[39],"or":[40],"crashes":[41],"of":[42,112],"FPGA.":[44],"It":[45],"is,":[46],"therefore,":[47],"important":[48],"malicious":[50,114,159,194],"tenants":[51,90],"limited":[53],"their":[55,93],"ability":[56],"cause":[58],"such":[59,68],"security":[60],"problems.":[61],"So":[62],"far,":[63],"existing":[65],"countermeasures":[66],"against":[67],"check":[70],"configuration":[72],"bitstreams":[73],"before":[74,125],"they":[75,86],"reconfigured.":[77],"Such":[78],"offline":[79],"practical":[83],"limitations,":[84],"e.g.":[85],"may":[87],"force":[88],"unveil":[92],"design":[94],"secrets.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97],"paper,":[98],"we":[99],"present":[100],"LoopBreaker,":[101],"a":[102,113,122,129,180,193,213],"novel":[103],"runtime":[104],"solution":[105],"disable":[108],"entire":[110],"activity":[111],"region,":[116],"order":[118],"rapidly":[120],"stop":[121,192,206],"potential":[123],"attack":[124,138,176],"it":[126,198],"results":[127],"crash":[130],"Denial-of-Service).":[132],"We":[133],"implemented":[134],"and":[135,140],"tested":[136],"types":[139],"found":[141],"realistic":[143],"demand":[145],"at":[146],"least":[147],"12\u201326":[148],"\u00b5s":[149,164,190],"successful.":[152],"A":[153],"partial":[154],"reconfiguration":[155],"overwrite":[157],"demands":[162],"200":[163],"our":[166,183],"realworld":[167],"implementation,":[168],"which":[169,196],"is":[170],"too":[171],"slow":[172],"prevent":[174],"crash.":[181,214],"Instead,":[182],"proposed":[184],"LoopBreaker":[185],"method":[186],"only":[187],"needs":[188],"1.5":[189],"tenant,":[195],"makes":[197],"first":[200],"online":[201],"approach":[202],"successfully":[205],"challenging":[207],"voltage":[208],"drop-based":[209],"causing":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}