{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998730820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942173","title":"Karna: A Gate-Sizing based Security Aware EDA Flow for Improved Power Side-Channel Attack Protection","display_name":"Karna: A Gate-Sizing based Security Aware EDA Flow for Improved Power Side-Channel Attack Protection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998730820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942173","mag":"2998730820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942173","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075781704","display_name":"Patanjali SLPSK","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-2219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patanjali Slpsk","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005648661","display_name":"Prasanna Karthik Vairam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-450X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasanna Karthik Vairam","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038432102","display_name":"Chester Rebeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chester Rebeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010004459","display_name":"V. Kamakoti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Kamakoti","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0775,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91107078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.8596568703651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6293469071388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-flow","display_name":"Design flow","score":0.4872976541519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.4623850882053375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.43379688262939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-cell","display_name":"Standard cell","score":0.4186437726020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.41241320967674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4052715301513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22398480772972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.22155392169952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.16419002413749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15341302752494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.14815101027488708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13733959197998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08791834115982056}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.8596568703651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6293469071388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.4872976541519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.4623850882053375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.43379688262939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78401558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464496","display_name":"Standard cell","level":3,"score":0.4186437726020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.41241320967674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4052715301513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22398480772972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22155392169952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.16419002413749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15341302752494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.14815101027488708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13733959197998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08791834115982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942173","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512062395","https://openalex.org/W1567394420","https://openalex.org/W1602420333","https://openalex.org/W1644833919","https://openalex.org/W1752847028","https://openalex.org/W1999291149","https://openalex.org/W2019179812","https://openalex.org/W2027163108","https://openalex.org/W2064529033","https://openalex.org/W2096490242","https://openalex.org/W2107551409","https://openalex.org/W2108742901","https://openalex.org/W2109309427","https://openalex.org/W2112073852","https://openalex.org/W2115200566","https://openalex.org/W2117758617","https://openalex.org/W2122442616","https://openalex.org/W2139899398","https://openalex.org/W2144630005","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2612521132","https://openalex.org/W2737014286","https://openalex.org/W2798891972","https://openalex.org/W2799920367","https://openalex.org/W2809072942","https://openalex.org/W2894034160","https://openalex.org/W4231098049","https://openalex.org/W4231618069","https://openalex.org/W4249541960","https://openalex.org/W4252769808","https://openalex.org/W6635937959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902086429","https://openalex.org/W2031753133","https://openalex.org/W2051041430","https://openalex.org/W2151657833","https://openalex.org/W1554205582","https://openalex.org/W2126379574","https://openalex.org/W3111996845","https://openalex.org/W98108296","https://openalex.org/W2080129643","https://openalex.org/W1596716095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0,227],"side-channel":[1,65,99,135,172,218,239],"attacks":[2,66],"pose":[3],"a":[4,48,80,185,225],"serious":[5],"threat":[6],"to":[7,95,133,203,235],"the":[8,21,61,68,75,87,98,102,106,126,150,154,162,197,201,217,237,241],"security":[9,100],"of":[10,27,101,176,220,240],"embedded":[11],"devices.":[12],"Most":[13],"available":[14,152,198],"countermeasures":[15],"have":[16],"significant":[17],"overheads":[18],"resulting":[19],"in":[20,67,72,86,93,125,153,174,247],"application":[22],"not":[23,112,142,209],"meeting":[24],"its":[25,168],"requirements":[26],"low-power,":[28],"high-performance":[29],"and":[30,128,166,179,207,250],"small":[31],"area.":[32],"We":[33,158,215],"propose":[34],"an":[35],"algorithm":[36],"called":[37],"Karna11Karna,":[38],"much":[39],"like":[40],"Achilles":[41],"from":[42,53,63],"Greek":[43],"mythology,":[44],"was":[45],"born":[46],"with":[47,79],"shield":[49],"that":[50,82,193],"protected":[51],"him":[52],"attacks.":[54],"Similarly,":[55],"Our":[56,230],"proposed":[57,231],"scheme,":[58],"Karna":[59,110,140,160,194],"protects":[60],"design":[62,127],"power":[64,238,249],"manufacturing":[69],"phase":[70],"or":[71],"other":[73,107],"words":[74],"chip":[76],"is":[77,192,233],"manufactured(born)":[78],"shield.":[81],"can":[83],"be":[84],"incorporated":[85],"Electronic":[88],"Design":[89,164],"Automation":[90],"(EDA)":[91],"flow,":[92],"order":[94],"significantly":[96],"improve":[97],"device,":[103],"without":[104],"impacting":[105],"device":[108],"characteristics.":[109],"does":[111,141,208],"add":[113],"additional":[114,212],"logic":[115],"but":[116,148],"rather":[117],"achieves":[118],"this":[119,205],"by":[120],"first":[121],"identifying":[122],"vulnerable":[123],"gates":[124,132,151,202],"then":[129],"reconfiguring":[130],"these":[131,221],"increase":[134],"resistance.":[136],"Unlike":[137],"contemporary":[138],"works,":[139],"require":[143],"any":[144,211],"specialized":[145],"gate":[146],"library":[147],"uses":[149,196],"standard":[155],"cell":[156],"library.":[157],"integrate":[159],"into":[161],"Synopsys":[163],"Compiler":[165],"demonstrate":[167],"efficacy":[169],"at":[170],"reducing":[171],"leakage":[173],"implementations":[175],"AES,":[177],"PRESENT":[178],"Simon":[180],"block":[181],"ciphers,":[182],"synthesized":[183],"for":[184],"28nm":[186],"technology":[187],"node.":[188],"An":[189],"interesting":[190],"observation":[191],"only":[195],"space":[199],"around":[200],"perform":[204],"optimization":[206],"incur":[210],"area":[213],"overheads.":[214],"showcase":[216],"resistance":[219],"optimized":[222],"designs":[223,242],"using":[224],"Differential":[226],"Analysis":[228],"attack.":[229],"approach":[232],"able":[234],"reduce":[236],"while":[243],"incurring":[244],"no":[245],"penalty":[246],"delay,":[248],"gate-count.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
