{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998465829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942100","title":"Security and Complexity Analysis of LUT-based Obfuscation: From Blueprint to Reality","display_name":"Security and Complexity Analysis of LUT-based Obfuscation: From Blueprint to Reality","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998465829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942100","mag":"2998465829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942100","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023713747","display_name":"Gaurav Kolhe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-6721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Kolhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101538655","display_name":"Hadi Mardani Kamali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-6736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Mardani Kamali","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045603755","display_name":"Miklesh Naicker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miklesh Naicker","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086648779","display_name":"Tyler Sheaves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0163-5449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyler David Sheaves","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066983905","display_name":"Hamid Mahmoodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4237-3086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Mahmoodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110449371","display_name":"P Manoj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P D Sai Manoj","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382437","display_name":"Houman Homayoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houman Homayoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051940611","display_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0626-9778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060036961","display_name":"Avesta Sasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avesta Sasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023713747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98253442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.9229171872138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8094590306282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.7405508756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.5909071564674377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.39339548349380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.335414856672287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.28329533338546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2058849334716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.143517404794693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.9229171872138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8094590306282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.7405508756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.5909071564674377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.39339548349380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.335414856672287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.28329533338546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2058849334716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.143517404794693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942100","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W2008819052","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2063615695","https://openalex.org/W2064541558","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2075795621","https://openalex.org/W2092545762","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2112965713","https://openalex.org/W2124954128","https://openalex.org/W2343475170","https://openalex.org/W2419784917","https://openalex.org/W2536656707","https://openalex.org/W2587958472","https://openalex.org/W2615010670","https://openalex.org/W2766393343","https://openalex.org/W2772235844","https://openalex.org/W2785858912","https://openalex.org/W2790282160","https://openalex.org/W2798443351","https://openalex.org/W2798554995","https://openalex.org/W2798959258","https://openalex.org/W2805646958","https://openalex.org/W2897417741","https://openalex.org/W2902639362","https://openalex.org/W2945305016","https://openalex.org/W2945698147","https://openalex.org/W2946576051","https://openalex.org/W2946593940","https://openalex.org/W2951325841","https://openalex.org/W2963001922","https://openalex.org/W2964312614","https://openalex.org/W2971563218","https://openalex.org/W3099803115","https://openalex.org/W3105554950","https://openalex.org/W4234937017","https://openalex.org/W4246305008","https://openalex.org/W6669490149","https://openalex.org/W6683245250","https://openalex.org/W6728616018","https://openalex.org/W6757041163","https://openalex.org/W6764036932","https://openalex.org/W6767415855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2759901721","https://openalex.org/W4321192641","https://openalex.org/W2566543615","https://openalex.org/W2911286527","https://openalex.org/W4311080747","https://openalex.org/W4230279121","https://openalex.org/W4378501452","https://openalex.org/W2957985992","https://openalex.org/W2967173646","https://openalex.org/W2564565181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"obfuscation":[1,17,45,69,73,130,189,194,214,224,241,258],"schemes":[2,18,70],"have":[3,94],"leveraged":[4],"reconfigurable":[5,15,67],"logics":[6],"to":[7,176,218,255],"alleviate":[8],"various":[9,216],"hardware":[10,205],"security":[11,169,206],"threats.":[12],"However,":[13,137],"existing":[14,56],"logic-based":[16],"focus":[19],"on":[20,66,98,124,163,215,251],"specific":[21],"design":[22,77,99],"factors":[23,78],"such":[24,33,41,79,147],"as":[25,34,42,80,92],"gate":[26],"replacement":[27,90],"strategy":[28,91],"or":[29],"an":[30,252],"optimization":[31],"metric":[32],"SAT-hardness.":[35],"Despite":[36],"meeting":[37],"the":[38,44,55,112,115,120,126,132,168,204,210,221,226,233],"focused":[39],"metrics":[40],"security,":[43],"also":[46],"incurs":[47],"overheads,":[48,145],"which":[49],"are":[50],"not":[51],"well":[52],"analyzed":[53],"in":[54],"works.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59,154,156],"work,":[60],"we":[61],"provide":[62],"a":[63,95,159,164],"comprehensive":[64],"analysis":[65],"logic":[68],"i.e.,":[71,101],"LUT-based":[72,129,180,188,213,223,240,257],"by":[74,171],"investigating":[75],"3-key":[76],"(1)":[81],"LUT":[82,118,173],"size,":[83],"(2)":[84],"number":[85],"of":[86,117,128,178,209],"LUTs,":[87],"and":[88,104,134,150,207,235,247],"(3)":[89],"they":[93],"considerable":[96],"impact":[97,123],"criteria,":[100],"Power-Performance-Area":[102],"(PPA)":[103],"Security":[105],"(PPA/S).":[106],"Our":[107],"results":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110,177,195,220],"among":[111],"studied":[113],"parameters":[114],"size":[116,140],"has":[119],"most":[121],"prominent":[122],"improving":[125],"resiliency":[127],"against":[131,232],"SAT":[133,234],"removal":[135,236],"attacks.":[136,237],"using":[138,198],"large":[139],"LUTs":[141],"incur":[142],"significant":[143],"PPA":[144,227],"making":[146],"solutions":[148],"unfeasible":[149],"unpractical.":[151],"To":[152],"address":[153],"challenge,":[155],"work":[157],"proposes":[158],"pragmatic":[160],"solution":[161,184],"based":[162],"customized":[165,212,222,239],"LUT,":[166],"where":[167],"provided":[170],"each":[172],"is":[174,196],"superior":[175],"traditional":[179],"obfuscation.":[181],"The":[182,238],"proposed":[183,211],"primarily":[185],"benefits":[186],"from":[187],"reinforced":[190],"with":[191,243],"additional":[192],"logic/routing":[193],"implemented":[197],"small":[199],"2-input":[200],"LUTs.":[201],"We":[202],"evaluate":[203],"overhead":[208],"benchmarks":[217],"prove":[219],"breaks":[225],"tradeoffs":[228],"while":[229],"exhibiting":[230],"robustness":[231],"comes":[242],"8\u00d7":[244],"reduced":[245,249],"area":[246],"2\u00d7":[248],"power":[250],"average":[253],"compared":[254],"state-of-the-art":[256],"without":[259],"compromising":[260],"security.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}