{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982518521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942094","title":"Active Fences against Voltage-based Side Channels in Multi-Tenant FPGAs","display_name":"Active Fences against Voltage-based Side Channels in Multi-Tenant FPGAs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982518521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942094","mag":"2982518521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942094","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022816225","display_name":"Jonas Krautter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7492-5319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Krautter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026813167","display_name":"Dennis R. E. Gnad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2839-4692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis R.E. Gnad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088701632","display_name":"Falk Schellenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-7564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Falk Schellenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t, Bochum, Germany","Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012815811","display_name":"Amir Moradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4032-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Moradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t, Bochum, Germany","Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064445713","display_name":"Mehdi B. Tahoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi B. Tahoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022816225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.51889014,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62433103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8169537782669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8079646825790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.7360867261886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.6943461894989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6509103178977966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.5177851915359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.45365798473358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.432127982378006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41583308577537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19935718178749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07526963949203491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8169537782669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8079646825790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.7360867261886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.6943461894989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6509103178977966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.5177851915359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.45365798473358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.432127982378006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41583308577537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19935718178749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07526963949203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942094","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:2982518521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1152.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3108563255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202002286598273666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306512817","display_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W1829732909","https://openalex.org/W1994805710","https://openalex.org/W2088443347","https://openalex.org/W2093382439","https://openalex.org/W2096434182","https://openalex.org/W2111725598","https://openalex.org/W2122711125","https://openalex.org/W2145267250","https://openalex.org/W2152389318","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2165604639","https://openalex.org/W2279541644","https://openalex.org/W2290618025","https://openalex.org/W2532602199","https://openalex.org/W2535955463","https://openalex.org/W2578788671","https://openalex.org/W2756357814","https://openalex.org/W2761003783","https://openalex.org/W2782187376","https://openalex.org/W2794898833","https://openalex.org/W2798781612","https://openalex.org/W2884598006","https://openalex.org/W2899083777","https://openalex.org/W2950019944","https://openalex.org/W4237720872","https://openalex.org/W4237906032","https://openalex.org/W4242164861","https://openalex.org/W4248265791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996863257","https://openalex.org/W265063938","https://openalex.org/W3014705576","https://openalex.org/W3006293286","https://openalex.org/W3108543513","https://openalex.org/W2950019944","https://openalex.org/W3162298623","https://openalex.org/W3183748902","https://openalex.org/W2885663968","https://openalex.org/W3184341738","https://openalex.org/W2987827054","https://openalex.org/W2892344663","https://openalex.org/W3008926397","https://openalex.org/W3008554091","https://openalex.org/W3192308411","https://openalex.org/W2760560738","https://openalex.org/W3176939474","https://openalex.org/W3190249143","https://openalex.org/W2874835418","https://openalex.org/W3091930116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dynamic":[0],"and":[1,54,71,79,120,145],"partial":[2],"reconfiguration":[3],"together":[4],"with":[5],"hardware":[6,77],"parallelism":[7],"make":[8],"FPGAs":[9,22],"attractive":[10],"as":[11,124],"virtualized":[12],"accelerators.":[13],"However,":[14,66],"recently":[15],"it":[16],"has":[17],"been":[18],"shown":[19],"that":[20,92,150],"multi-tenant":[21],"are":[23,52,157,172],"vulnerable":[24],"to":[25,35,43,57,104,132,167],"remote":[26],"side-channel":[27,64,134],"attacks":[28,51],"(SCA)":[29],"from":[30],"malicious":[31],"users,":[32],"allowing":[33],"them":[34],"extract":[36],"secret":[37],"keys":[38],"without":[39,99],"a":[40,74,86,110,125,141,160],"logical":[41],"connection":[42],"the":[44,105,168],"victim":[45,119],"core.":[46],"Typical":[47],"mitigations":[48],"against":[49,89],"such":[50],"hiding":[53,87],"masking":[55],"schemes,":[56],"increase":[58],"attackers'":[59],"efforts":[60,70],"in":[61],"terms":[62],"of":[63,115,127,153],"measurements.":[65],"they":[67],"require":[68],"significant":[69],"tailoring":[72,103],"for":[73,159],"specific":[75],"algorithm,":[76],"implementation":[78],"mapping.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"show":[85,149],"countermeasure":[88],"voltage-based":[90],"SCA":[91],"can":[93],"be":[94],"integrated":[95],"into":[96],"any":[97],"implementation,":[98],"requiring":[100],"modifications":[101,166],"or":[102],"protected":[106],"module.":[107],"We":[108],"place":[109],"properly":[111],"mapped":[112],"Active":[113],"Fence":[114],"ring":[116],"oscillators":[117],"between":[118],"attacker":[121],"circuit,":[122],"enabled":[123],"feedback":[126],"an":[128,146],"FPGA-based":[129],"sensor,":[130],"leading":[131],"reduced":[133],"leakage.":[135],"Our":[136],"experimental":[137],"results":[138],"based":[139],"on":[140],"Lattice":[142],"ECP5":[143],"FPGA":[144],"AES-128":[147],"module":[148,171],"two":[151],"orders":[152],"magnitude":[154],"more":[155],"traces":[156],"needed":[158],"successful":[161],"key":[162],"recovery,":[163],"while":[164],"no":[165],"underlying":[169],"cryptographic":[170],"necessary.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-09T23:09:53.351390","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}