{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414538443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161485","title":"Blockchain and Digital Twin-Integrated Multi-Tier UAV Network for 6G","display_name":"Blockchain and Digital Twin-Integrated Multi-Tier UAV Network for 6G","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414538443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161485","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054010505","display_name":"Ismaeel Al Ridhawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-2763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111408","display_name":"Kuwait College of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vjvsj67","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111408"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ismaeel Al Ridhawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kuwait College of Science and Technology,Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kuwait College of Science and Technology,Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020975697","display_name":"Moayad Aloqaily","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2443-7234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moayad Aloqaily","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence,UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054010505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38773526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2809","last_page":"2814"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9297999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14155","display_name":"Advanced Technology in Applications","score":0.9099000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.5539000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.5335000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.37779998779296875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6876999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.5539000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.5335000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117468950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208074","display_name":"Network layer","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169851745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331985","display_name":"Overlay network","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779173999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680296","display_name":"Network administrator","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161485","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3037051439","https://openalex.org/W3167450743","https://openalex.org/W4312323164","https://openalex.org/W4386736948","https://openalex.org/W4387068050"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"will":[4],"play":[5],"a":[6,55,63,71,135],"vital":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,58,107],"the":[10,23,36,45,115,127,130,147],"operation,":[11],"management":[12],"and":[13,38,54,77,81,93,110,133,139,157],"service":[14],"provisioning":[15],"process":[16],"of":[17,41,44,129,153],"Next-Generation":[18],"Networks":[19],"(NGNs).":[20],"Given":[21],"that":[22,33,68,146],"Sixth":[24],"Generation":[25],"(6G)":[26],"network":[27,79,85,102,116],"is":[28,120],"an":[29],"AI-native":[30],"cooperative":[31],"ecosystem":[32],"relies":[34,69],"on":[35,70],"resource":[37],"intelligent":[39],"capabilities":[40],"every":[42],"layer":[43],"network,":[46],"especially":[47],"edge":[48,97],"devices,":[49],"UAVs":[50],"are":[51],"thus":[52],"critical":[53],"key":[56],"player":[57],"6G.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"presents":[62],"UAVsupported":[64],"framework":[65,149],"for":[66,95],"6G":[67],"multi-tiered":[72,100],"approach":[73,103],"to":[74,90,113,125],"guarantee":[75],"autonomous":[76],"optimal":[78],"coverage":[80],"bandwidth.":[82],"The":[83,99],"UAV":[84,101],"adapts":[86],"Federated":[87],"Learning":[88],"(FL)":[89],"maintain":[91,126],"self-organization":[92],"support":[94],"real-time":[96],"processing.":[98],"uses":[104],"realtime":[105],"adjustments":[106],"swarm":[108,124,140],"membership":[109],"task":[111,154],"allocation":[112],"enhance":[114],"energy":[117],"consumption.":[118],"Blockchain":[119],"integrated":[121],"into":[122],"each":[123],"integrity":[128],"trained":[131],"models,":[132],"provides":[134,150],"decentralized":[136],"device":[137],"authentication":[138],"coordination":[141],"mechanism.":[142],"System":[143],"evaluations":[144],"reveal":[145],"proposed":[148],"high":[151],"levels":[152],"completion":[155],"ratio":[156],"learning":[158],"accuracy.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
