{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414539106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161341","title":"A Privacy-Preserving and Efficient Driver Recognition Framework for Sustainable ITS Using DRL and FL","display_name":"A Privacy-Preserving and Efficient Driver Recognition Framework for Sustainable ITS Using DRL and FL","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414539106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161341"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057571470","display_name":"Andreas Andreou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9432-916X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17389662","display_name":"University of Nicosia","ror":"https://ror.org/04v18t651","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17389662"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreou Andreas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nicosia,Department of Computer Science,Nicosia,Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nicosia,Department of Computer Science,Nicosia,Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17389662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050729772","display_name":"Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0333-8034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17389662","display_name":"University of Nicosia","ror":"https://ror.org/04v18t651","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17389662"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nicosia,Department of Computer Science,Nicosia,Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nicosia,Department of Computer Science,Nicosia,Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17389662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009055115","display_name":"Evangelos Markakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0959-598X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28710699","display_name":"Hellenic Mediterranean University","ror":"https://ror.org/039ce0m20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Markakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hellenic Mediterranean University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Heraklion, Crete,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hellenic Mediterranean University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Heraklion, Crete,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082338943","display_name":"Athina Bourdena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1081-2868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26840924","display_name":"Mediterranean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tsjvt68","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26840924"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athina Bourdena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hellenic Mediterranean University,Department of Business, Administration and Tourism,Heraklion, Crete,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hellenic Mediterranean University,Department of Business, Administration and Tourism,Heraklion, Crete,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26840924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030161759","display_name":"George Mastorakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6733-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28710699","display_name":"Hellenic Mediterranean University","ror":"https://ror.org/039ce0m20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Mastorakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hellenic Mediterranean University,Department of Management Science and Technology,Agios Nikolaos, Crete,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hellenic Mediterranean University,Department of Management Science and Technology,Agios Nikolaos, Crete,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2243854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6414","last_page":"6419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7010999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6758000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.36320000886917114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7426000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7010999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6758000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75027835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064746","display_name":"Green computing","level":3,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201095160","https://openalex.org/W4324116470","https://openalex.org/W4365128502","https://openalex.org/W4365129695","https://openalex.org/W4365801815","https://openalex.org/W4376851322","https://openalex.org/W4377971464","https://openalex.org/W4386038516","https://openalex.org/W4386952081","https://openalex.org/W4387986831","https://openalex.org/W4388666567","https://openalex.org/W4389495243","https://openalex.org/W4389776852","https://openalex.org/W4390017883","https://openalex.org/W4390357592","https://openalex.org/W4391547499","https://openalex.org/W4398249507"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Intelligent":[1],"Transportation":[2],"Systems":[3],"(ITS),":[4],"driver":[5],"recognition":[6],"presents":[7],"challenges":[8],"of":[9,28,142],"data":[10,105],"privacy,":[11,133],"computational":[12,136],"efficiency,":[13,137],"and":[14,32,43,53,84,107,134,155],"energy":[15,18,86,110,156],"consumption.":[16],"Optimizing":[17],"use":[19],"in":[20],"ITS":[21,143],"has":[22],"become":[23],"crucial":[24],"with":[25,164],"the":[26,69,89,139],"rise":[27],"environmentally":[29],"conscious":[30],"Information":[31],"Communication":[33],"Technology":[34],"(ICT)":[35],"practices.":[36],"Therefore,":[37],"this":[38],"paper":[39],"introduces":[40],"a":[41,58,73,117,122],"privacy-preserving":[42],"energy-efficient":[44],"task":[45,153],"offloading":[46,99],"strategy":[47,75],"using":[48],"Deep":[49],"Reinforcement":[50],"Learning":[51,55],"(DRL)":[52],"Federated":[54],"(FL)":[56],"within":[57],"network":[59,82],"leveraging":[60],"Smart":[61],"Traffic":[62],"Cameras":[63],"(STCs)":[64],"for":[65],"edge":[66],"computing.":[67],"Initially,":[68],"public":[70],"transports":[71],"employ":[72],"DRL-based":[74],"to":[76,79,95],"offload":[77],"tasks":[78],"STCs,":[80],"optimizing":[81],"resources":[83],"minimizing":[85],"use.":[87],"At":[88],"second":[90],"phase,":[91],"allows":[92],"private":[93],"vehicles":[94],"train":[96],"models":[97],"locally,":[98],"only":[100],"model":[101,130,162],"parameters,":[102],"thus":[103],"ensuring":[104],"privacy":[106],"reducing":[108,138],"communication":[109,166],"costs.":[111],"Finally,":[112],"aggregates":[113],"these":[114],"parameters":[115],"at":[116],"central":[118],"cloud":[119],"server,":[120],"refining":[121],"Network-Wide":[123],"Model":[124],"(NWM).":[125],"The":[126],"proposed":[127],"framework":[128],"enhances":[129],"performance,":[131],"preserves":[132],"improves":[135],"carbon":[140],"footprint":[141],"operations.":[144],"Simulations":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"that":[147],"DRL's":[148],"Actor-Critic":[149],"Algorithm":[150],"(ACA)":[151],"reduces":[152],"latency":[154],"consumption":[157],"while":[158],"FL":[159],"ensures":[160],"efficient":[161],"training":[163],"minimal":[165],"overhead.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
