{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414539746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161335","title":"Multi-Agent DRL for QKD-Enabled Resource Allocation in 6G TN-NTN Metaverse Service","display_name":"Multi-Agent DRL for QKD-Enabled Resource Allocation in 6G TN-NTN Metaverse Service","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414539746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161335","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076128522","display_name":"Abegaz Mohammed Seid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abegaz Mohammed Seid","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Doha,Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051231351","display_name":"Hayla Nahom Abishu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3243-7579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayla Nahom Abishu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Doha,Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061687830","display_name":"Fayaz Ali Dharejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7685-3913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fayaz Ali Dharejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Würzburg,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Würzburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061831106","display_name":"Aiman Erbad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-5253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiman Erbad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Qatar University,Doha,Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Qatar University,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001299811","display_name":"Mounir Hamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9766-0085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mounir Hamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Doha,Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI),Abu Dhabi,UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI),Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076128522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32507057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"807","last_page":"812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6277999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.3625999987125397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6277999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781175729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315823","display_name":"Resource distribution","level":3,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194387892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747770","display_name":"Stochastic optimization","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161335","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-166397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-166397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2775936334","https://openalex.org/W2929612105","https://openalex.org/W3134905652","https://openalex.org/W4312869638","https://openalex.org/W4319341364","https://openalex.org/W4377235537","https://openalex.org/W4385521771","https://openalex.org/W4386446966","https://openalex.org/W4388873066","https://openalex.org/W4391547620","https://openalex.org/W4392159274","https://openalex.org/W4400033848"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"integration":[1],"of":[2,140],"terrestrial":[3],"and":[4,20,33,44,62,89,95,109,137,143,170,174],"non-terrestrial":[5],"networks":[6,32],"(TN-NTN)":[7],"in":[8,83],"6":[9,84],"G":[10,85],"is":[11],"essential":[12],"to":[13,41,106,127,148],"support":[14],"real-time":[15],"applications":[16],"like":[17],"the":[18,91,129,159],"Metaverse":[19,87,141],"intelligent":[21],"edge":[22],"services,":[23],"which":[24],"demand":[25],"ultra-reliable":[26],"low-latency":[27],"communications":[28],"(xURLLC).":[29],"Managing":[30],"these":[31],"maintaining":[34],"robust":[35],"security":[36,64],"presents":[37],"significant":[38],"challenges":[39],"due":[40],"their":[42],"complexity":[43],"high-dimensional":[45],"environments.":[46],"Quantum":[47],"communication,":[48],"particularly":[49],"quantum":[50],"key":[51,167],"distribution":[52,112],"(QKD),":[53],"offers":[54],"a":[55,73,102,118],"promising":[56],"solution":[57],"by":[58],"providing":[59],"unbreakable":[60],"encryption":[61],"enhancing":[63],"across":[65,113],"TN-NTN":[66,86,114],"architectures.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"propose":[72],"novel":[74,119],"deep":[75],"reinforcement":[76],"learning":[77],"approach":[78],"for":[79],"QKD-enabled":[80],"resource":[81,93,111,172],"allocation":[82,94,139],"service":[88,175],"transform":[90],"joint":[92],"QKD":[96,152],"deployment":[97,153],"cost":[98],"optimization":[99,124,131],"problem":[100],"into":[101],"stochastic":[103],"game":[104],"model":[105],"ensure":[107],"secure":[108,138],"efficient":[110],"environment.":[115],"We":[116],"introduce":[117],"hierarchical":[120],"multi-agent":[121],"proximal":[122],"policy":[123],"(MAPPO)":[125],"framework":[126,134,161],"address":[128],"formulated":[130],"problem.":[132],"This":[133],"enables":[135],"dynamic":[136],"resources":[142],"services":[144],"from":[145],"multiple":[146],"providers":[147],"users":[149],"while":[150],"minimizing":[151],"costs.":[154],"Our":[155],"simulations":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"that":[158],"proposed":[160],"significantly":[162],"enhances":[163],"network":[164],"performance,":[165],"reduces":[166],"generation":[168],"costs,":[169],"optimizes":[171],"utilization":[173],"quality.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}