{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414539094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161089","title":"Mobility-Aware Multi-Objective Offloading Optimization in MEC and Vehicular-Fog Systems: A Waited-Ratio Based TD3 Approach","display_name":"Mobility-Aware Multi-Objective Offloading Optimization in MEC and Vehicular-Fog Systems: A Waited-Ratio Based TD3 Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414539094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095839127","display_name":"Frezer Guteta Wakgra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9927-4299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frezer Guteta Wakgra","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010959998","display_name":"Binayak Kar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-6652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binayak Kar","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095839128","display_name":"Seifu Birhanu Tadele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0535-4710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seifu Birhanu Tadele","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087560555","display_name":"Krishna M. Sivalingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-3432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna M. Sivalingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068169019","display_name":"Madhusanka Liyanage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhusanka Liyanage","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin,Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin,Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5095839127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32432549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"898","last_page":"903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.3188000023365021}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7476999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135438011","https://openalex.org/W2964460729","https://openalex.org/W2973229164","https://openalex.org/W3046143996","https://openalex.org/W3109858579","https://openalex.org/W3127815423","https://openalex.org/W3209024481","https://openalex.org/W4312624510","https://openalex.org/W4312732910","https://openalex.org/W4319988680","https://openalex.org/W4321021933","https://openalex.org/W4324116470","https://openalex.org/W4362451683","https://openalex.org/W4382119781","https://openalex.org/W4386212337","https://openalex.org/W4387682300","https://openalex.org/W4388692586","https://openalex.org/W4399601576","https://openalex.org/W4400878087"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-access":[0],"Edge":[1],"Computing":[2],"(MEC)":[3],"and":[4,22,38,73,89,119,149,166],"Vehicular-Fogs":[5],"(VFs)":[6],"are":[7],"placed":[8],"nearer":[9],"to":[10,18,65,97,104,139,192],"user":[11],"equipment":[12],"(UE),":[13],"reducing":[14],"propagation":[15],"latency":[16,148],"compared":[17],"traditional":[19],"cloud-based":[20],"systems":[21],"ensuring":[23],"a":[24,84,130,162,168],"high":[25],"standard":[26],"of":[27,29,87,95,107,188],"Quality":[28],"Service":[30],"(QoS).":[31],"Nevertheless,":[32],"MEC":[33,88,96],"sites":[34],"can":[35,55],"become":[36],"congested":[37],"overloaded":[39],"during":[40],"peak":[41],"traffic":[42],"periods,":[43],"such":[44],"as":[45,161],"concerts":[46],"or":[47],"sporting":[48],"events.":[49],"To":[50,122],"address":[51],"this,":[52,124],"offloading":[53,82,94],"techniques":[54],"shift":[56],"intensive":[57],"computational":[58],"tasks":[59],"from":[60],"devices":[61],"with":[62,67],"limited":[63],"resources":[64],"those":[66],"greater":[68],"capacity,":[69],"enhancing":[70],"task":[71],"performance":[72],"thereby":[74],"increasing":[75],"battery":[76],"longevity.":[77],"This":[78],"study":[79],"investigates":[80],"the":[81,93,105,141,189],"within":[83],"two-tier":[85],"framework":[86],"VF,":[90],"focusing":[91],"on":[92,178],"VF.":[98],"Maintaining":[99],"QoS":[100],"is":[101,138],"challenging":[102],"due":[103],"instability":[106],"fog":[108],"networks":[109],"caused":[110],"by":[111,145],"high-speed":[112],"vehicle":[113,127,155],"movement,":[114],"which":[115],"disrupts":[116],"both":[117,147],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[118],"vehicle-to-infrastructure":[120],"communications.":[121],"mitigate":[123],"we":[125,173],"analyze":[126],"mobility":[128],"using":[129],"Gauss-Markov":[131],"Mobility":[132],"(GMM)":[133],"model.":[134],"Our":[135],"main":[136],"goal":[137],"reduce":[140],"average":[142],"system":[143],"cost":[144],"optimizing":[146],"energy":[150],"consumption":[151],"while":[152],"accounting":[153],"for":[154],"mobility.":[156],"We":[157],"approach":[158],"this":[159],"challenge":[160],"multi-objective":[163],"optimization":[164],"problem":[165],"develop":[167],"reinforcement":[169],"learning":[170,180],"environment.":[171],"Additionally,":[172],"propose":[174],"an":[175,186],"algorithm":[176],"based":[177],"imitation":[179],"called":[181],"Weighted-Ratio":[182],"Based":[183],"TD3":[184,190],"(WRTD3),":[185],"enhancement":[187],"algorithm,":[191],"effectively":[193],"manage":[194],"these":[195],"complexities.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}