{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414539795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11160883","title":"Analytical Design of Directional Modulation in Spatial Frequency Domain","display_name":"Analytical Design of Directional Modulation in Spatial Frequency Domain","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414539795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11160883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11160883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11160883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058302609","display_name":"Mahmoud Mollayousefi Zadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-2557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I368840534","display_name":"University of Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/02teq1165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I368840534","https://openalex.org/I4210141039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Hosseinali Zadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mississippi,University,MS,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mississippi,University,MS,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I368840534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101507203","display_name":"Mehdi Maleki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-7649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166075","display_name":"Silvus Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05w4yc230","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Maleki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Silvus Technologies,Los Angeles,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silvus Technologies,Los Angeles,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045721364","display_name":"Nghi H. Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-0190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110152177","display_name":"University of Akron","ror":"https://ror.org/02kyckx55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110152177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nghi H. Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Akron,Akron,OH,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Akron,Akron,OH,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110152177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072044063","display_name":"Hamid Reza Bahrami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9682-0860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I368840534","display_name":"University of Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/02teq1165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I368840534","https://openalex.org/I4210141039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Reza Bahrami","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mississippi,University,MS,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mississippi,University,MS,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I368840534"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058302609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I368840534"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35569723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1802","last_page":"1807"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9305999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.40790000557899475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019745063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107304836","display_name":"Spatial modulation","level":4,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59030546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265371","display_name":"QAM","level":5,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11160883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc52391.2025.11160883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037551452","https://openalex.org/W2142143226","https://openalex.org/W2151807636","https://openalex.org/W2157419772","https://openalex.org/W2626179920","https://openalex.org/W2953941226","https://openalex.org/W3124959419","https://openalex.org/W3196301575","https://openalex.org/W4200179790","https://openalex.org/W4205451633","https://openalex.org/W4281385977","https://openalex.org/W4291700438","https://openalex.org/W4296473314","https://openalex.org/W4323896856","https://openalex.org/W4381894893","https://openalex.org/W4385820034","https://openalex.org/W4386322005","https://openalex.org/W4387918098","https://openalex.org/W4391365655"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,43],"this":[1,115],"paper,":[2,116],"we":[3,92,108],"propose":[4],"a":[5,25,61],"novel,":[6],"energy-efficient":[7],"directional":[8],"modulation":[9,127],"scheme":[10,70,97],"to":[11,64,75,123],"enhance":[12],"the":[13,31,40,44,47,83,95,117,132,135,139],"physical-layer":[14],"security":[15],"of":[16,39,134],"wireless":[17],"communication":[18],"systems.":[19],"The":[20,68],"proposed":[21,69,118],"analytical":[22],"method":[23,119],"designs":[24],"uniform":[26],"linear":[27],"array":[28],"(ULA)":[29],"in":[30,56,114,137],"spatial":[32],"frequency":[33],"domain,":[34],"allowing":[35],"for":[36,149],"arbitrary":[37],"distortion":[38],"constellation":[41],"pattern.":[42],"secure":[45],"directions,":[46],"design":[48,76,136],"ensures":[49],"low":[50,99],"bit":[51],"error":[52],"rates":[53],"(BERs),":[54],"while":[55,107],"unsecure":[57],"angles,":[58],"it":[59],"enforces":[60],"threshold":[62],"BER":[63,141],"disrupt":[65],"potential":[66],"eavesdroppers.":[67],"is":[71],"not":[72],"only":[73,109],"simple":[74],"but":[77],"also":[78],"provides":[79],"flexible":[80],"trade-off":[81],"between":[82],"mainlobe":[84],"and":[85,106,112,143],"sidelobes,":[86],"ensuring":[87],"efficient":[88],"energy":[89,144],"consumption.":[90],"Furthermore,":[91],"show":[93],"that":[94],"new":[96],"has":[98],"computational":[100],"complexity":[101],"when":[102],"optimizing":[103],"antenna":[104],"weightings,":[105],"consider":[110],"4-":[111],"16-QAM":[113],"can":[120],"be":[121],"generalized":[122],"higher":[124],"order":[125],"QAM":[126],"schemes.":[128],"Numerical":[129],"results":[130],"validate":[131],"effectiveness":[133],"achieving":[138],"desired":[140],"thresholds":[142],"efficiency,":[145],"demonstrating":[146],"its":[147],"suitability":[148],"real-world":[150],"applications.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
