{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4300052188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9839285","title":"An Empirical Study on the Quality of Entropy Sources in Linux Random Number Generator","display_name":"An Empirical Study on the Quality of Entropy Sources in Linux Random Number Generator","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4300052188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9839285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45855.2022.9839285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9839285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019233725","display_name":"Mingshu Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingshu Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066513378","display_name":"Yuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-6054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101802879","display_name":"Na Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8890-1393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371618","display_name":"Tianyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-7593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012861003","display_name":"Shijie Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003875079","display_name":"Fangyu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-2041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0925,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37133417,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"559","last_page":"564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.7901173830032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7806180715560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7616835832595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.633535623550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-seed","display_name":"Random seed","score":0.5674556493759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linux-kernel","display_name":"Linux kernel","score":0.4815369248390198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.47507160902023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4540473222732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3284299373626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3005446493625641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17438405752182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16706585884094238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11667519807815552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.7901173830032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7806180715560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7616835832595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.633535623550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26263659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1886131","display_name":"Random seed","level":3,"score":0.5674556493759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553261973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579","display_name":"Linux kernel","level":2,"score":0.4815369248390198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47507160902023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4540473222732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3284299373626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3005446493625641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17438405752182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16706585884094238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11667519807815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45855.2022.9839285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9839285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316083","display_name":"Tencent","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976476866","https://openalex.org/W1989129498","https://openalex.org/W2072996630","https://openalex.org/W2076745395","https://openalex.org/W2148892264","https://openalex.org/W2169455260","https://openalex.org/W2219499198","https://openalex.org/W2272668032","https://openalex.org/W2293408272","https://openalex.org/W2396656690","https://openalex.org/W2489490928","https://openalex.org/W2596919498","https://openalex.org/W2784781042","https://openalex.org/W6696656508","https://openalex.org/W6712074860","https://openalex.org/W6722814306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032644301","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W2005418990","https://openalex.org/W3134921237","https://openalex.org/W2901440216","https://openalex.org/W2109259595","https://openalex.org/W2360514482","https://openalex.org/W4292794277","https://openalex.org/W2167867025"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Random":[0],"numbers":[1],"are":[2,9,185],"essential":[3],"for":[4],"communications":[5],"security,":[6],"as":[7,12],"they":[8],"widely":[10],"employed":[11],"secret":[13],"keys":[14],"and":[15,60,95,109,111,193],"other":[16,145],"critical":[17],"parameters":[18],"of":[19,40,51,64,86,141,151,160,186,195],"cryptographic":[20],"algorithms.":[21],"The":[22,38,123,144,157],"Linux":[23,92],"random":[24,34],"number":[25,35],"generator":[26,36],"(LRNG)":[27],"is":[28,42,56,148,169],"the":[29,45,49,62,65,70,84,97,127,139,149,191,196],"most":[30],"popular":[31],"open-source":[32],"software-based":[33],"(RNG).":[37],"security":[39,194],"LRNG":[41,90],"influenced":[43],"by":[44,118,163],"overall":[46],"design,":[47],"especially":[48],"quality":[50,63,85],"entropy":[52,66,87,106,137],"sources.":[53],"Therefore,":[54],"it":[55],"necessary":[57],"to":[58,73,115,171,189],"assess":[59],"quantify":[61],"sources":[67,88],"which":[68,168],"contribute":[69],"main":[71],"randomness":[72],"RNGs.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"perform":[79],"an":[80],"empirical":[81],"study":[82],"on":[83,199],"in":[89,138],"with":[91,120],"kernel":[93],"5.6,":[94],"provide":[96],"following":[98],"two":[99,104],"findings.":[100],"We":[101,181],"first":[102],"analyze":[103],"important":[105,146],"sources:":[107],"jiffies":[108,117,128],"cycles,":[110],"propose":[112],"a":[113],"method":[114],"predict":[116],"cycles":[119,153,161],"high":[121],"accuracy.":[122],"results":[124],"indicate":[125],"that,":[126],"can":[129],"be":[130],"correctly":[131],"predicted":[132],"thus":[133],"contain":[134,165],"almost":[135],"no":[136],"condition":[140],"knowing":[142],"cycles.":[143],"finding":[147],"failure":[150],"interrupt":[152],"during":[154],"system":[155],"boot.":[156],"lower":[158,176],"bits":[159,177],"caused":[162],"interrupts":[164],"little":[166],"entropy,":[167],"contrary":[170],"our":[172],"traditional":[173],"cognition":[174],"that":[175],"have":[178],"more":[179],"entropy.":[180],"believe":[182],"these":[183],"findings":[184],"great":[187],"significance":[188],"improve":[190],"efficiency":[192],"RNG":[197],"design":[198],"software":[200],"platforms.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}