{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292230894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9838570","title":"Blockchain Sharding Strategy for Collaborative Computing Internet of Things Combining Dynamic Clustering and Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Blockchain Sharding Strategy for Collaborative Computing Internet of Things Combining Dynamic Clustering and Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292230894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9838570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45855.2022.9838570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9838570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607711","display_name":"ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067159523","display_name":"Zhaoxin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5312-7580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoxin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457571","display_name":"Meng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3553-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693487","display_name":"Ruizhe Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-4079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhe Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University,Department of Systems and Computer Engineering,Ottawa,Canada","Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University,Department of Systems and Computer Engineering,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100671497","display_name":"Yanhua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-1224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology,Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067159523"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78973318,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2786","last_page":"2791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9024999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8604892492294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7737150192260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7617787718772888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6968305706977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6573451161384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.57518470287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.499798059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4439554214477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4324786067008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3767910897731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.29894009232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2874830961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18368008732795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13638490438461304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8604892492294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7737150192260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7617787718772888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6968305706977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6573451161384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.57518470287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.499798059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4439554214477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4324786067008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3767910897731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.29894009232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2874830961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18368008732795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13638490438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45855.2022.9838570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45855.2022.9838570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607711","display_name":"ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321572","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpn6s66"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2151936673","https://openalex.org/W2489125130","https://openalex.org/W2619984247","https://openalex.org/W2763193885","https://openalex.org/W2792261072","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2890103652","https://openalex.org/W2891362044","https://openalex.org/W2901639315","https://openalex.org/W2913127416","https://openalex.org/W2962837608","https://openalex.org/W2981791693","https://openalex.org/W2996039144","https://openalex.org/W3014118052","https://openalex.org/W3029292670","https://openalex.org/W3036551898","https://openalex.org/W3039152299","https://openalex.org/W3100918075","https://openalex.org/W3105603957","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6677067356","https://openalex.org/W6778411458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W4220849471","https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W2341346307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Immutability,":[0],"decentralization,":[1],"and":[2,95,159],"linear":[3],"promoted":[4],"scalability":[5,182],"make":[6],"sharded":[7,31,70,185],"blockchain":[8,71,84,186],"a":[9,68,138,146],"promising":[10],"solution,":[11],"which":[12],"can":[13],"effectively":[14],"address":[15],"the":[16,20,28,47,77,80,83,96,108,114,118,124,151,154,160,177,181,184,188],"trust":[17],"issue":[18],"in":[19,55,63,76,88,187],"large-scale":[21],"Internet":[22],"of":[23,30,42,52,82,98,153,162,183],"Things":[24],"(IoT).":[25],"However,":[26],"currently,":[27],"throughput":[29],"blockchains":[32],"is":[33,86,117],"still":[34],"limited":[35],"when":[36],"it":[37],"comes":[38],"to":[39,105],"high":[40],"proportions":[41],"cross-shard":[43],"transactions":[44,126],"(CST).":[45],"On":[46],"other":[48],"hand,":[49],"assemblage":[50],"characteristics":[51],"collaborative":[53,74],"computing":[54,75],"IoT":[56,109,128,189],"have":[57],"not":[58],"been":[59],"received":[60],"attention.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"this":[64,102],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,122],"present":[67],"clustering-based":[69,92],"strategy":[72],"for":[73],"IoT,":[78],"where":[79],"sharding":[81],"system":[85,115],"implemented":[87],"two":[89],"steps:":[90],"k-means":[91],"user":[93],"grouping":[94],"assignment":[97],"consensus":[99,163],"nodes.":[100],"In":[101],"framework,":[103],"how":[104],"reasonably":[106],"group":[107],"users":[110],"while":[111],"simultaneously":[112],"guaranteeing":[113],"performance":[116],"key":[119],"point.":[120],"Specifically,":[121],"describe":[123],"data":[125,131],"among":[127],"devices":[129],"by":[130,168],"transaction":[132],"flow":[133],"graph":[134],"(DTFG)":[135],"based":[136],"on":[137],"dynamic":[139],"stochastic":[140],"block":[141],"model.":[142],"Then,":[143],"formed":[144],"as":[145],"Markov":[147],"decision":[148],"process":[149],"(MDP),":[150],"optimization":[152],"cluster":[155],"number":[156],"(shard":[157],"number)":[158],"adjustment":[161],"parameters":[164],"are":[165],"jointly":[166],"trained":[167],"deep":[169],"reinforcement":[170],"learning":[171],"(DRL).":[172],"Simulation":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"that":[176],"proposed":[178],"scheme":[179],"improves":[180],"application.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
