{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387883605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279804","title":"Beam Selection for Energy-Efficient mmWave Network Using Advantage Actor Critic Learning","display_name":"Beam Selection for Energy-Efficient mmWave Network Using Advantage Actor Critic Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387883605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279804","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090065246","display_name":"Ycaro Dantas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ycaro Dantas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084225951","display_name":"Pedro Enrique Iturria-Rivera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8757-2639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Enrique Iturria-Rivera","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396802","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-9006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000101528","display_name":"Majid Bavand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8331-0033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Bavand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049344765","display_name":"Medhat Elsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-6078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Medhat Elsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066201625","display_name":"Raimundas Gaigalas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raimundas Gaigalas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089891162","display_name":"Melike Erol\u2010Kantarci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melike Erol-Kantarci","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090065246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8743,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86035718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5285","last_page":"5290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7158787250518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6298032999038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5418323874473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.48504894971847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.48214074969291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-algorithm","display_name":"Selection algorithm","score":0.46647128462791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4658995568752289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4440302848815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4426736831665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3743809461593628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3310416042804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21520623564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17998361587524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17281094193458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11954405903816223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7158787250518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6298032999038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5418323874473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.48504894971847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.48214074969291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.46647128462791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4658995568752289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4440302848815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4426736831665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3743809461593628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3310416042804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21520623564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17998361587524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17281094193458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11954405903816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279804","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166486216","https://openalex.org/W2898434483","https://openalex.org/W2945712931","https://openalex.org/W2953691792","https://openalex.org/W2955133642","https://openalex.org/W2961380111","https://openalex.org/W2962944637","https://openalex.org/W3130559101","https://openalex.org/W3186724161","https://openalex.org/W3212407382","https://openalex.org/W3216772467","https://openalex.org/W4313139692","https://openalex.org/W4315630027","https://openalex.org/W4317796310","https://openalex.org/W6804601995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2567141277","https://openalex.org/W2358110016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103],"growing":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,12,54,153,174],"mmWave":[4,27,101],"frequency":[5],"bands":[6],"to":[7,37,84,182,208],"realize":[8],"the":[9,48,58,61,86,89,121,126,132,183,190,197,201,209],"full":[10],"potential":[11],"5G,":[13],"turns":[14],"beamforming":[15],"into":[16],"a":[17,52,66,100,139],"key":[18],"enabler":[19],"for":[20],"current":[21],"and":[22,57,88,119,142,156,168,177,185,205],"next-generation":[23],"wireless":[24],"technologies.":[25],"Many":[26],"networks":[28],"rely":[29],"on":[30],"beam":[31,42,50,62,90,105,154,175],"selection":[32,43,63,91,106,155,176],"with":[33,44],"Grid-of-Beams":[34],"(GoB)":[35],"approach":[36,192],"handle":[38],"user-beam":[39],"association.":[40],"In":[41,72],"GoB,":[45],"users":[46],"select":[47],"appropriate":[49],"from":[51],"set":[53],"pre-defined":[55],"beams":[56],"overhead":[59],"during":[60],"process":[64],"is":[65,123,159,206],"common":[67],"challenge":[68],"in":[69,99,125,138,200],"this":[70,73],"area.":[71],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"propose":[76],"an":[77],"Advantage":[78],"Actor":[79],"Critic":[80],"(A2C)":[81],"learning-based":[82],"framework":[83],"improve":[85],"GoB":[87],"process,":[92],"as":[93,95],"well":[94],"optimize":[96],"transmission":[97,113,157,178,187],"power":[98,114,158,170,179,188],"network.":[102,127],"proposed":[104,133,191],"technique":[107],"allows":[108],"performance":[109],"improvement":[110],"while":[111],"considering":[112],"improves":[115],"Energy":[116],"Efficiency":[117],"(EE)":[118],"ensures":[120],"coverage":[122],"maintained":[124],"We":[128],"further":[129],"investigate":[130],"how":[131],"algorithm":[134],"can":[135],"be":[136],"deployed":[137],"Service":[140],"Management":[141],"Orchestration":[143],"(SMO)":[144],"platform.":[145],"Our":[146],"simulations":[147],"show":[148],"that":[149],"A2C-based":[150],"joint":[151],"optimization":[152,173],"more":[160,194],"effective":[161],"than":[162,195],"using":[163],"Equally":[164],"Spaced":[165],"Beams":[166],"(ESB)":[167],"fixed":[169,186],"strategy,":[171,189],"or":[172],"disjointly.":[180],"Compared":[181],"ESB":[184],"achieves":[193],"twice":[196],"average":[198],"EE":[199],"scenarios":[202],"under":[203],"test":[204],"closer":[207],"maximum":[210],"theoretical":[211],"EE.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
