{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387870910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279688","title":"Energy Efficient Secure Offloading in NOMA-aided Vehicular Networks Using A3C Learning","display_name":"Energy Efficient Secure Offloading in NOMA-aided Vehicular Networks Using A3C Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387870910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068659230","display_name":"Ying Ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3807-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China","Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089258768","display_name":"Zhiwei Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8787-6050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China","Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114626828","display_name":"Yuchao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9759-5465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349496","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-0408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University,Guangzhou,China","Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University,Guangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065373445","display_name":"Qingqi Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7601-5434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqi Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University,Xi'an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056209905","display_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações,Aveiro,Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações,Aveiro,Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068659230"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61037178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6114","last_page":"6119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8471487164497375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7525148391723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.703368604183197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.6042543649673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5783072710037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5706586837768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5445002913475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.521900475025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.461078405380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.4445402920246124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4431125223636627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.43777161836624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4114001989364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3809892535209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.24325093626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10413160920143127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0801776647567749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8471487164497375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7525148391723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.703368604183197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.6042543649673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5783072710037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5706586837768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5445002913475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.521900475025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.461078405380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.4445402920246124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4431125223636627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43777161836624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4114001989364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3809892535209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.24325093626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10413160920143127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0801776647567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7076430163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102301,62132013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G828402418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1807500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2346131329","https://openalex.org/W2534430833","https://openalex.org/W2895999915","https://openalex.org/W2964320794","https://openalex.org/W3035160052","https://openalex.org/W3035978024","https://openalex.org/W3117926661","https://openalex.org/W3163279171","https://openalex.org/W4206176461","https://openalex.org/W4213434963","https://openalex.org/W4318775932","https://openalex.org/W4319878926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W3185499500","https://openalex.org/W3014317926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-speed":[0],"computation":[1,117,127],"resources":[2],"are":[3],"provided":[4],"by":[5,120],"mobile":[6],"edge":[7,56],"computing":[8,19,57],"(MEC)":[9],"to":[10,18,46,84,97,150],"boost":[11],"various":[12],"delay-sensitive":[13],"vehicular":[14,55],"applications.":[15],"However,":[16],"compared":[17],"tasks":[20],"locally,":[21],"the":[22,29,48,54,61,70,75,98,105,111,116,123,126,131,152,158,164],"MEC":[23],"approach":[24],"consumes":[25],"extra":[26],"energy":[27,49,113,166],"in":[28,60,136],"offloading":[30,42,72,170],"process.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"an":[35,143],"asynchronous":[36,144],"deep":[37],"reinforcement":[38],"learning-based":[39],"energy-efficient":[40],"secure":[41,69],"(EESO)":[43],"is":[44,82],"proposed":[45],"enhance":[47],"efficiency":[50],"and":[51,130,168],"security":[52],"of":[53,63,74,79,133],"(VEC)":[58],"network":[59],"presence":[62],"multiple":[64],"malicious":[65],"eavesdropper":[66,99],"vehicles.":[67],"To":[68],"wireless":[71],"process":[73],"information,":[76],"a":[77,86],"group":[78],"jammer":[80,134],"vehicles":[81,100,135],"scheduled":[83],"form":[85],"NOMA":[87,138],"cluster":[88],"with":[89,104,115],"each":[90,137],"user":[91,107],"vehicle":[92],"for":[93],"providing":[94],"jamming":[95],"signals":[96],"while":[101],"not":[102],"interfering":[103],"legitimate":[106],"vehicle.":[108],"We":[109],"minimize":[110],"system":[112,165],"consumption":[114,167],"delay":[118],"constraint":[119],"jointly":[121],"optimizing":[122],"transmit":[124],"power,":[125],"resource":[128],"allocation,":[129],"selection":[132],"cluster.":[139],"Then":[140],"we":[141],"adopt":[142],"advantage":[145],"actor-critic":[146],"(A3C)":[147],"learning":[148],"algorithm":[149],"solve":[151],"optimization":[153],"problem.":[154],"With":[155],"proper":[156],"training,":[157],"A3C-based":[159],"EESO":[160],"scheme":[161],"can":[162],"reduce":[163],"improve":[169],"security.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}