{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387870620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279452","title":"Multi-Agent Attention Actor-Critic Algorithm for Load Balancing in Cellular Networks","display_name":"Multi-Agent Attention Actor-Critic Algorithm for Load Balancing in Cellular Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387870620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279452"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279452","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279452","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021430632","display_name":"Jikun Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jikun Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022267948","display_name":"Di Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7419-9903"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083959011","display_name":"Ju Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-9787"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089270885","display_name":"Ekram Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-6887"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekram Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100372152","display_name":"Xue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-3442"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093111508","display_name":"Gregory Dedek","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Dedek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics,Canada","Samsung Electronics, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics,Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021430632"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16390672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"abs 2111 8","issue":null,"first_page":"5160","last_page":"5165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8450790643692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.7761987447738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handover","display_name":"Handover","score":0.7591568231582642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.615613579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5841768980026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5004887580871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.4942355453968048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.48515447974205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.4577769637107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4337364435195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.432623952627182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4253352880477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.39748430252075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32109713554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.145003080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08726468682289124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8450790643692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.7761987447738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111852164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414679","display_name":"Handover","level":2,"score":0.7591568231582642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.615613579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5841768980026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5004887580871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.4942355453968048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.48515447974205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.4577769637107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4337364435195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.432623952627182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4253352880477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39748430252075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32109713554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.145003080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08726468682289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279452","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279452","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100935991","https://openalex.org/W2151616382","https://openalex.org/W2155027007","https://openalex.org/W2156737235","https://openalex.org/W2533681846","https://openalex.org/W2617547828","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964338167","https://openalex.org/W2995815314","https://openalex.org/W3038292958","https://openalex.org/W3101572197","https://openalex.org/W3125645674","https://openalex.org/W3188587275","https://openalex.org/W4225725412","https://openalex.org/W4226134848","https://openalex.org/W4290973640","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W4315630456","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6604054968","https://openalex.org/W6682012954","https://openalex.org/W6683195989","https://openalex.org/W6683204974","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6713411898","https://openalex.org/W6728700202","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6771514159","https://openalex.org/W6785517317","https://openalex.org/W6803821320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2907119020","https://openalex.org/W2809714975","https://openalex.org/W2018511507","https://openalex.org/W2045260746","https://openalex.org/W4310173015","https://openalex.org/W2071030690","https://openalex.org/W1575175994","https://openalex.org/W2103870217","https://openalex.org/W2284276991","https://openalex.org/W2137666192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,74,115],"cellular":[1],"networks,":[2],"User":[3],"Equipment":[4],"(UE)":[5],"handoff":[6],"from":[7],"one":[8],"Base":[9],"Station":[10],"(BS)":[11],"to":[12,16,32,76,96,111,148,162],"another,":[13],"giving":[14],"rise":[15],"the":[17,22,41,48,70,78,89,98,104,149,157],"load":[18,49,126],"balancing":[19,50,127],"problem":[20,51],"among":[21,69],"BSs.":[23,114],"To":[24],"address":[25],"this":[26],"problem,":[27],"BSs":[28,71,110],"can":[29,66,124,155],"work":[30],"collaboratively":[31],"deliver":[33],"a":[34,53,58,83,93],"smooth":[35],"migration":[36],"(or":[37],"handoff)":[38],"and":[39,56,81,132,142],"satisfy":[40],"UEs'":[42],"service":[43],"requirements.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"formulates":[47],"as":[52],"Markov":[54,79],"game":[55,80],"proposes":[57],"Robust":[59],"Multi-agent":[60],"Attention":[61],"Actor-Critic":[62],"(Robust-MA3C)":[63],"algorithm":[64],"that":[65],"facilitate":[67,125],"collaboration":[68],"(i.e.,":[72],"agents).":[73],"particular,":[75],"solve":[77],"find":[82],"Nash":[84],"equilibrium":[85],"policy,":[86],"we":[87,102,117],"embrace":[88],"idea":[90],"of":[91,121],"adopting":[92],"nature":[94],"agent":[95],"model":[97],"system":[99],"uncertainty.":[100],"Moreover,":[101],"utilize":[103],"self-attention":[105],"mechanism,":[106],"which":[107,123],"encourages":[108],"high-performance":[109],"assist":[112],"low-performance":[113],"addition,":[116],"consider":[118],"two":[119],"types":[120],"schemes,":[122],"for":[128],"both":[129],"active":[130],"UEs":[131],"idle":[133],"UEs.":[134],"We":[135],"carry":[136],"out":[137],"extensive":[138],"evaluations":[139],"by":[140,160],"simulations,":[141],"simulation":[143],"results":[144],"illustrate":[145],"that,":[146],"compared":[147],"state-of-the-art":[150],"MARL":[151],"methods,":[152],"Robust-MA3C":[153],"scheme":[154],"improve":[156],"overall":[158],"performance":[159],"up":[161],"45%.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}