{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387871090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10278983","title":"Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Based Traffic Steering in Multi-RAT 5G Deployments","display_name":"Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Based Traffic Steering in Multi-RAT 5G Deployments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387871090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10278983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10278983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10278983","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023632470","display_name":"Md Arafat Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3823-2715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Arafat Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080850676","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5511-4609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084225951","display_name":"Pedro Enrique Iturria-Rivera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8757-2639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Enrique Iturria-Rivera","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049344765","display_name":"Medhat Elsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-6078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Medhat Elsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000101528","display_name":"Majid Bavand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8331-0033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Bavand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066201625","display_name":"Raimundas Gaigalas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raimundas Gaigalas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040949386","display_name":"Yigit Ozcan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9258-4602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yigit Ozcan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Inc., Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089891162","display_name":"Melike Erol\u2010Kantarci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melike Erol-Kantarci","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023632470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3612,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89132173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"100","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8959618210792542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7803747653961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.6490908861160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5855497121810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5762574076652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.49669700860977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.48837608098983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43640226125717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-heuristic","display_name":"Meta heuristic","score":0.42442527413368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.423915833234787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","score":0.4197959303855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.404379278421402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39210450649261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21127453446388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.08624511957168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.069896399974823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8959618210792542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7803747653961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6490908861160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5855497121810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5762574076652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.49669700860977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.48837608098983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43640226125717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988037039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Meta heuristic","level":2,"score":0.42442527413368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.423915833234787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.4197959303855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.404379278421402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39210450649261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21127453446388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.08624511957168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.069896399974823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10278983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc45041.2023.10278983","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6552507291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"497981","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963262099","https://openalex.org/W2963634393","https://openalex.org/W2968499089","https://openalex.org/W2991161033","https://openalex.org/W3005116230","https://openalex.org/W3046249445","https://openalex.org/W3195924315","https://openalex.org/W3208539921","https://openalex.org/W3217596786","https://openalex.org/W4200498924","https://openalex.org/W4210736944","https://openalex.org/W4285794073","https://openalex.org/W4294811272","https://openalex.org/W4317418982","https://openalex.org/W4327522621","https://openalex.org/W4327767959","https://openalex.org/W6703271639"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239","https://openalex.org/W1557905920","https://openalex.org/W2043093291","https://openalex.org/W2101155126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,35,80],"5G":[1],"non-standalone":[2],"mode,":[3],"an":[4,87,100],"intelligent":[5],"traffic":[6,33,43,62,97],"steering":[7,44],"mechanism":[8],"can":[9,65],"vastly":[10],"aid":[11],"in":[12,103],"ensuring":[13],"a":[14,27,31,40,71,75,78,113,118],"smooth":[15],"user":[16],"experience":[17],"by":[18],"selecting":[19],"the":[20,54,84,94,104],"best":[21],"radio":[22],"access":[23],"technology":[24],"(RAT)":[25],"from":[26],"multi-RAT":[28],"environment":[29],"for":[30,90],"specific":[32],"flow.":[34],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38],"propose":[39],"novel":[41],"load-aware":[42],"algorithm":[45],"based":[46],"on":[47],"hierarchical":[48],"reinforcement":[49],"learning":[50],"(HRL)":[51],"while":[52,93],"satisfying":[53],"diverse":[55],"quality":[56],"of":[57,60],"service":[58],"requirements":[59],"different":[61],"types.":[63],"HRL":[64,111],"significantly":[66],"increase":[67],"system":[68,127],"performance":[69],"using":[70],"bi-level":[72],"architecture":[73],"having":[74],"meta-controller":[76,85],"and":[77,117,129],"controller.":[79],"our":[81],"proposed":[82],"method,":[83],"provides":[86],"appropriate":[88,101],"threshold":[89],"load":[91],"balancing,":[92],"controller":[95],"performs":[96],"admission":[98],"to":[99],"RAT":[102],"lower":[105,132],"level.":[106],"Simulation":[107],"results":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110],"outperforms":[112],"Deep":[114],"Q-Learning":[115],"(DQN)":[116],"threshold-based":[119],"heuristic":[120],"baseline":[121],"with":[122],"8.49%,":[123],"12.52%":[124],"higher":[125],"average":[126],"throughput":[128],"27.74%,":[130],"39.13%":[131],"network":[133],"delay,":[134],"respectively.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
