{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127275382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500564","title":"DQN-Based Multi-User Power Allocation for Hybrid RF/VLC Networks","display_name":"DQN-Based Multi-User Power Allocation for Hybrid RF/VLC Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127275382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500564","mag":"3127275382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500564","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.01884","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048637322","display_name":"Bekir Sait \u00c7iftler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-0745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bekir Sait Ciftler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037234286","display_name":"Mohamed Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-7588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054520204","display_name":"Abdulmalik Alwarafy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0652-3948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmalik Alwarafy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001299811","display_name":"Mounir Hamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9766-0085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mounir Hamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048637322"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2024,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48388317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multihoming","display_name":"Multihoming","score":0.8309293985366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.745772123336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.7017691135406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5234648585319519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.47100749611854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4704631268978119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4437355399131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-convergence","display_name":"Rate of convergence","score":0.4371044337749481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4191872179508209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.41036832332611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3625459372997284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2912306487560272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19094759225845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.15015655755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13791993260383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.10751882195472717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09189477562904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.08203601837158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08047109842300415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65714651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662626","display_name":"Multihoming","level":4,"score":0.8309293985366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.745772123336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.7017691135406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5234648585319519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47100749611854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4704631268978119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4437355399131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.4371044337749481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4191872179508209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.41036832332611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3625459372997284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2912306487560272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19094759225845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.15015655755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13791993260383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.10751882195472717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09189477562904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.08203601837158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08047109842300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500564","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.01884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.01884","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.01884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3127275382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.01884.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-163883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-163883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.01884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.01884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.01884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.01884","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.01884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127275382.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127275382.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472267176","https://openalex.org/W1533619695","https://openalex.org/W2032013577","https://openalex.org/W2084026635","https://openalex.org/W2161890372","https://openalex.org/W2323702888","https://openalex.org/W2613228701","https://openalex.org/W2783558323","https://openalex.org/W2804175470","https://openalex.org/W2939054760","https://openalex.org/W2964249268","https://openalex.org/W2964278636","https://openalex.org/W2999561085","https://openalex.org/W3008565916","https://openalex.org/W4235364725","https://openalex.org/W6774404275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092239249","https://openalex.org/W2801874663","https://openalex.org/W2782574058","https://openalex.org/W3126692430","https://openalex.org/W3103384110","https://openalex.org/W2984270063","https://openalex.org/W3138983515","https://openalex.org/W3148930288","https://openalex.org/W3044356312","https://openalex.org/W1966274311","https://openalex.org/W2917607092","https://openalex.org/W3094091075","https://openalex.org/W3201074287","https://openalex.org/W2947003725","https://openalex.org/W3119922259","https://openalex.org/W3036752599","https://openalex.org/W2997783950","https://openalex.org/W2598163723","https://openalex.org/W2350266040","https://openalex.org/W1921468921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,51],"Deep":[4],"Q-Network":[5],"(DQN)":[6],"based":[7,97],"multi-agent":[8,53],"multi-user":[9],"power":[10,64,73,138],"allocation":[11,65,139],"algorithm":[12,101,140,154],"is":[13,59,67,90],"proposed":[14],"for":[15,44,74],"hybrid":[16],"networks":[17],"composed":[18],"of":[19,35,118,127],"radio":[20],"frequency":[21],"(RF)":[22],"and":[23,41],"visible":[24],"light":[25],"communication":[26],"(VLC)":[27],"access":[28],"points":[29],"(APs).":[30],"The":[31,99],"users":[32],"are":[33],"capable":[34],"multihoming,":[36],"which":[37],"can":[38],"bridge":[39],"RF":[40],"VLC":[42],"links":[43],"accommodating":[45],"their":[46],"bandwidth":[47],"requirements.":[48],"By":[49],"leveraging":[50],"non-cooperative":[52],"DQN":[54],"algorithm,":[55],"where":[56],"each":[57],"AP":[58],"an":[60,62],"agent,":[61],"online":[63],"strategy":[66],"developed":[68],"to":[69,103,121,131,147],"optimize":[70],"the":[71,94,104,116,122,136,148,152],"transmit":[72],"providing":[75],"users\u2019":[76],"required":[77],"data":[78,144],"rate.":[79],"Our":[80],"simulation":[81],"results":[82],"demonstrate":[83],"that":[84],"DQN\u2019s":[85],"median":[86],"convergence":[87,125],"time":[88],"training":[89],"90%":[91],"shorter":[92],"than":[93,151],"Q-Learning":[95],"(QL)":[96],"algorithm.":[98],"DQN-based":[100,137],"converges":[102],"desired":[105],"user":[106,143],"rate":[107,117,126],"in":[108],"half":[109],"duration":[110],"on":[111],"average":[112,142],"while":[113],"converging":[114],"with":[115],"96.1%":[119],"compared":[120],"QL-based":[123,153],"algorithm\u2019s":[124],"72.3%.":[128],"Additionally,":[129],"thanks":[130],"its":[132],"continuous":[133],"state-space":[134],"definition,":[135],"provides":[141],"rates":[145,150],"closer":[146],"target":[149],"when":[155],"it":[156],"converges.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
