{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3189886891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500494","title":"Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Immersive Virtual Reality over THz/VLC Wireless Networks","display_name":"Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Immersive Virtual Reality over THz/VLC Wireless Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3189886891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500494","mag":"3189886891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500494","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101796015","display_name":"Yining Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2353-3400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yining Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network,Beijing,China","Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072241033","display_name":"Mingzhe Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Princeton,NJ,USA","Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data and Future Network of Intelligence Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Princeton,NJ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data and Future Network of Intelligence Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066878475","display_name":"Zhaohui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153400","display_name":"King's College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/044nptt90","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111135","https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kings College,Centre for Telecommunications Research,Department of Engineering,London,UK,WC2B 4BG"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kings College,Centre for Telecommunications Research,Department of Engineering,London,UK,WC2B 4BG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024108653","display_name":"Walid Saad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA","Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless@VT, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002713029","display_name":"Tao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4870-5942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network,Beijing,China","Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009164482","display_name":"Shuguang Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2608-775X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuguang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data and Future Network of Intelligence Institute,Shenzhen,China","Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data and Future Network of Intelligence Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data and Future Network of Intelligence Institute,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data and Future Network of Intelligence Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Princeton,NJ,USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Princeton,NJ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101796015"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75718298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8282023072242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8146470785140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.7530624866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6713249683380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6597409248352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.5069394707679749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.46341317892074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.45279204845428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.43208587169647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.41530871391296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3531177043914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3513960838317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24320703744888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1662486493587494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.15379935503005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08659261465072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08098000288009644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8282023072242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8146470785140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.7530624866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6713249683380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6597409248352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.5069394707679749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.46341317892074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.45279204845428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.43208587169647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.41530871391296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3531177043914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3513960838317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24320703744888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1662486493587494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.15379935503005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08659261465072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08098000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500494","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771410628","https://openalex.org/W1976761711","https://openalex.org/W2279550167","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2791124749","https://openalex.org/W2887223659","https://openalex.org/W2901851646","https://openalex.org/W2945507395","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W3022996137","https://openalex.org/W3034629262","https://openalex.org/W3035467795","https://openalex.org/W3043543211","https://openalex.org/W3044319949","https://openalex.org/W3090615085","https://openalex.org/W3172394904","https://openalex.org/W4287801005","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6776867814","https://openalex.org/W6786752475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W3109516991","https://openalex.org/W2291056487","https://openalex.org/W2395898055","https://openalex.org/W2033952283","https://openalex.org/W2779101090","https://openalex.org/W2289948051","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W3096625689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,26],"this":[1,185],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,7,27,84,91,95,123,142,158,169,178,205,210,235,244,252],"problem":[4,146,152,207],"of":[5,9,86,94,163,257],"enhancing":[6],"quality":[8],"virtual":[10],"reality":[11],"(VR)":[12],"services":[13,51],"is":[14,147,155,197],"studied":[15,28,96],"for":[16,52,118],"an":[17,150],"indoor":[18,49],"terahertz":[19],"(THz)/visible":[20],"light":[21],"communication":[22],"(VLC)":[23],"wireless":[24,98],"network.":[25],"model,":[29],"small":[30],"base":[31],"stations":[32],"(SBSs)":[33],"transmit":[34,141],"high-quality":[35],"VR":[36,53,58,87,99,119,131,143,165,259],"images":[37,132],"to":[38,72,112,140,156,172,213,216,226],"users":[39,54,59,166],"over":[40,69],"THz":[41,76,135],"bands":[42],"and":[43,64,77,115,133,176,208,247],"light-emitting":[44],"diodes":[45],"(LEDs)":[46],"provide":[47],"accurate":[48,114],"positioning":[50,117],"using":[55,194],"VLC.":[56],"Here,":[57],"move":[60],"in":[61,243,251],"real":[62],"time":[63,70],"their":[65,73],"movement":[66,219],"patterns":[67],"change":[68],"according":[71],"application.":[74],"Both":[75],"VLC":[78,101],"links":[79,136],"can":[80,202],"be":[81,106,173],"blocked":[82],"by":[83,167],"bodies":[85],"users.":[88,120,260],"To":[89,183],"control":[90],"energy":[92],"consumption":[93],"THz/VLC":[97],"network,":[100],"access":[102],"points":[103],"(VAPs)":[104],"must":[105,128],"selectively":[107],"turned":[108,174],"on":[109,122,175],"so":[110],"as":[111,149],"ensure":[113],"extensive":[116],"Based":[121],"user":[124,179,218],"positions,":[125],"each":[126],"SBS":[127],"generate":[129],"corresponding":[130],"build":[134],"without":[137],"body":[138],"blockage":[139],"content.":[144],"The":[145,199],"formulated":[148,206],"optimization":[151,232],"whose":[153],"goal":[154],"maximize":[157],"sum":[159,253],"successful":[160,254],"transmission":[161,255],"probability":[162],"all":[164,258],"selecting":[168],"appropriate":[170],"VAPs":[171],"controlling":[177],"association":[180],"with":[181],"SBSs.":[182],"solve":[184,204],"problem,":[186],"a":[187,227,240],"policy":[188,212,231],"gradient-based":[189],"reinforcement":[190],"learning":[191],"(RL)":[192],"algorithm":[193,201,233],"meta-learning":[195,237],"framework":[196],"proposed.":[198],"proposed":[200,236],"effectively":[203],"enable":[209],"trained":[211],"quickly":[214],"adapt":[215],"new":[217],"patterns.":[220],"Simulation":[221],"results":[222],"demonstrate":[223],"that,":[224],"compared":[225],"baseline":[228],"trust":[229],"region":[230],"(TRPO),":[234],"solution":[238],"yields":[239],"78%":[241],"improvement":[242,250],"convergence":[245],"speed":[246],"about":[248],"16.4%":[249],"probabilities":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T08:47:05.690250","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
