{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187498798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500293","title":"Learning-Based Computing Task Offloading for Autonomous Driving: A Load Balancing Perspective","display_name":"Learning-Based Computing Task Offloading for Autonomous Driving: A Load Balancing Perspective","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187498798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500293","mag":"3187498798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417960","display_name":"Qiang Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-6295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152014189","display_name":"Minnesota State University, Mankato","ror":"https://ror.org/04att9732","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152014189","https://openalex.org/I91221267"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Technology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Technology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152014189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066710499","display_name":"Weisen Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0627-7567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisen Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011614320","display_name":"Kaige Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-114X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaige Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110344743","display_name":"Hongli He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061723765","display_name":"Weihua Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-511X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773343","display_name":"Xuemin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Sherman Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100417960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152014189"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5979,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89946701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8529907464981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7930899858474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7034559845924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.6609477400779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6245149374008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4944801330566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48738032579421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4627101421356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.45892268419265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4283478260040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.41965237259864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4174301028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27468663454055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.14823120832443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.08416160941123962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8529907464981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7930899858474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7034559845924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.6609477400779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6245149374008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4944801330566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48738032579421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4627101421356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.45892268419265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4283478260040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.41965237259864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4174301028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27468663454055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.14823120832443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.08416160941123962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2592798481","https://openalex.org/W2625483604","https://openalex.org/W2772664513","https://openalex.org/W2791175987","https://openalex.org/W2895973886","https://openalex.org/W2921762823","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W2968764495","https://openalex.org/W2977266194","https://openalex.org/W2989596860","https://openalex.org/W3005478472","https://openalex.org/W3080073809","https://openalex.org/W3081084450","https://openalex.org/W6734678876","https://openalex.org/W6781980712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962856838","https://openalex.org/W2796352555","https://openalex.org/W1583194654","https://openalex.org/W1964245459","https://openalex.org/W2185389245","https://openalex.org/W187740018","https://openalex.org/W2147320702","https://openalex.org/W2248871425","https://openalex.org/W4377970692","https://openalex.org/W2162063029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,36],"investigate":[4],"a":[5,11,57,93,108,130],"computing":[6],"task":[7,30,69,111,162],"offloading":[8,70,78,112,163,173],"problem":[9,39],"in":[10,101,165],"cloud-based":[12],"autonomous":[13],"vehicular":[14],"network":[15,22],"(C-AVN),":[16],"from":[17],"the":[18,29,38,49,54,84,104,127,137,157,160],"perspective":[19],"of":[20,56,139,146,159],"long-term":[21,58,167],"wide":[23],"computation":[24,31,66,75,168],"load":[25,32,67,169],"balancing.":[26],"To":[27,81,125],"capture":[28],"dynamics":[33],"over":[34],"time,":[35],"describe":[37,136],"as":[40],"an":[41,144],"Markov":[42],"decision":[43,71],"process":[44],"(MDP)":[45],"with":[46,73,83,171],"constraints.":[47,80],"Specifically,":[48],"objective":[50],"is":[51,99,133],"to":[52,135],"minimize":[53],"expectation":[55],"total":[59],"cost":[60],"for":[61],"imbalanced":[62],"base":[63],"station":[64],"(BS)":[65],"and":[68,77,89,152,176],"switching,":[72],"per-slot":[74,177],"capacity":[76],"latency":[79],"deal":[82],"unknown":[85],"state":[86,151],"transition":[87],"probability":[88],"large":[90],"state-action":[91],"spaces,":[92],"multi-agent":[94],"deep":[95,117],"Q-learning":[96],"(MA-DQL)":[97],"module":[98],"designed,":[100],"which":[102],"all":[103],"agents":[105],"cooperatively":[106],"learn":[107],"joint":[109],"optimal":[110],"policy":[113],"by":[114,142],"training":[115],"individual":[116],"Q-network":[118],"(DQN)":[119],"parameters":[120],"based":[121],"on":[122],"local":[123],"observations.":[124],"stabilize":[126],"learning":[128],"performance,":[129],"fingerprint-based":[131],"method":[132],"adopted":[134],"observation":[138],"each":[140],"agent":[141],"including":[143],"abstraction":[145],"every":[147],"other":[148],"agent\u2019s":[149],"updated":[150],"policy.":[153],"Simulation":[154],"results":[155],"show":[156],"effectiveness":[158],"proposed":[161],"framework":[164],"achieving":[166],"balancing":[170],"controlled":[172],"switching":[174],"times":[175],"QoS":[178],"guarantee.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
