{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2960741711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2019.8761167","title":"Webpage Fingerprinting using Only Packet Length Information","display_name":"Webpage Fingerprinting using Only Packet Length Information","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2960741711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2019.8761167","mag":"2960741711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc.2019.8761167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2019.8761167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047030842","display_name":"Meng Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100664853","display_name":"Yiting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1837-0301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460976","display_name":"Siqi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2460-4381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634361","display_name":"Liehuang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-3887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liehuang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649609","display_name":"Yuchao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-8915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90354238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.8334202170372009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7710415720939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5968871116638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5967815518379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5530133247375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5263063907623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5171505808830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-analysis","display_name":"Traffic analysis","score":0.5026757717132568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-view","display_name":"Page view","score":0.43216896057128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4195511043071747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.41355371475219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-navigation","display_name":"Web navigation","score":0.3508795499801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-web-page","display_name":"Static web page","score":0.25472307205200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19299361109733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13628774881362915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.8334202170372009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7710415720939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5968871116638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5967815518379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5530133247375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5263063907623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5171505808830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.5026757717132568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103645729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911187","display_name":"Page view","level":5,"score":0.43216896057128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4195511043071747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.41355371475219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.3508795499801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173576120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2641220","display_name":"Static web page","level":4,"score":0.25472307205200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19299361109733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13628774881362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc.2019.8761167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2019.8761167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968676143","https://openalex.org/W1969412326","https://openalex.org/W2000756828","https://openalex.org/W2010739835","https://openalex.org/W2104523419","https://openalex.org/W2149280729","https://openalex.org/W2162344247","https://openalex.org/W2190207511","https://openalex.org/W2238866705","https://openalex.org/W2266218113","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2534437878","https://openalex.org/W2605422749","https://openalex.org/W2770638201","https://openalex.org/W2963320092","https://openalex.org/W2963655955","https://openalex.org/W4210531213","https://openalex.org/W6682188453","https://openalex.org/W6728101636"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045069236","https://openalex.org/W4230700435","https://openalex.org/W2136599613","https://openalex.org/W1488511360","https://openalex.org/W2328946120","https://openalex.org/W2087758976","https://openalex.org/W2020653755","https://openalex.org/W4200310880","https://openalex.org/W2766998911","https://openalex.org/W2592441986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encrypted":[0],"web":[1],"traffic":[2,19,25],"can":[3,121],"reveal":[4],"sensitive":[5],"information":[6,46,111],"of":[7,27,33,47,112,135,138,144,159,186,195],"a":[8,36,53,64,92,99,123,136,145,160],"user,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"their":[12,50],"browsing":[13],"histories.":[14],"Existing":[15],"studies":[16],"on":[17,24,98,203],"encrypted":[18],"analysis":[20],"attacks":[21],"usually":[22,67],"focus":[23],"fingerprinting":[26,41,95],"different":[28],"websites":[29],"rather":[30],"than":[31],"that":[32,75,108,175],"webpages":[34,62],"from":[35,63],"same":[37,65],"website.":[38,60],"Fine-grained":[39],"webpage":[40,94,127,161,205],"allows":[42],"exploiting":[43],"more":[44],"private":[45],"users,":[48],"e.g.,":[49],"interests":[51],"within":[52],"news":[54],"website":[55,66],"or":[56],"an":[57,106],"online":[58],"shopping":[59],"Since":[61],"have":[68],"very":[69],"similar":[70],"features":[71],"(e.g.,":[72],"statistical":[73],"information)":[74],"make":[76,105],"them":[77],"indistinguishable,":[78],"existing":[79],"solutions":[80],"may":[81],"end":[82],"up":[83],"with":[84,171],"low":[85],"accuracy.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88,198],"paper,":[89],"we":[90,130],"propose":[91],"novel":[93],"method":[96,177],"based":[97],"simple":[100],"and":[101,119,189],"comprehensible":[102],"idea.":[103],"We":[104],"observation":[107],"the":[109,132,142,151,156,193,200],"length":[110,134],"packets":[113,139,154],"in":[114,126,155,184],"bidirectional":[115],"interaction":[116],"between":[117],"clients":[118],"servers":[120],"be":[122],"distinctive":[124],"feature":[125],"fingerprinting.":[128,167,206],"Then,":[129],"extract":[131],"cumulative":[133],"sequence":[137],"to":[140,180],"represent":[141],"fingerprint":[143],"specific":[146],"webpage.":[147],"More":[148],"precisely,":[149],"only":[150],"first":[152,201],"100":[153],"loading":[157],"process":[158],"is":[162,178,199],"considered,":[163],"thus":[164],"enabling":[165],"early-stage":[166],"The":[168],"experimental":[169],"results":[170],"real-world":[172],"datasets":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"our":[176,196],"superior":[179],"other":[181],"state-of-the-art":[182],"approaches":[183],"terms":[185],"classification":[187],"accuracy":[188],"time":[190],"complexity.":[191],"To":[192],"best":[194],"knowledge,":[197],"work":[202],"fine-grained":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}