{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1551243330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2015.7248771","title":"On the spatial characterization of 3-D air-to-ground radio communication channels","display_name":"On the spatial characterization of 3-D air-to-ground radio communication channels","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1551243330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2015.7248771","mag":"1551243330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc.2015.7248771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2015.7248771","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091052785","display_name":"Sardar Muhammad Gulfam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8921-8636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sardar Muhammad Gulfam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","[Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034970020","display_name":"Syed Junaid Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-2170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Syed","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Islamabad, PK","[Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Islamabad, PK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054722867","display_name":"Mohammad Patwary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-5295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad N. Patwary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing Engineering, and Technology, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK","[Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Technology, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing Engineering, and Technology, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Technology, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026412364","display_name":"Mohamed Abdel\u2010Maguid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127165138","display_name":"University of Suffolk","ror":"https://ror.org/01cy0sz82","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127165138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdel-Maguid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Technology, University Campus Suffolk, Ipswich, UK","[Department of Science and Technology, University Campus Suffolk, Ipswich, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Technology, University Campus Suffolk, Ipswich, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127165138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Science and Technology, University Campus Suffolk, Ipswich, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127165138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091052785"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.381,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8283305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2924","last_page":"2930"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.7730793356895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipsoid","display_name":"Ellipsoid","score":0.7137261033058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5242222547531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-plane","display_name":"Ground plane","score":0.5006296634674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4906812906265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4869195222854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.4491245746612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.42405420541763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.4220612049102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36217573285102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.36122941970825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.3282099664211273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.264955997467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25257229804992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.251529723405838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.210126131772995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09825783967971802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.7730793356895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57489055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190046","display_name":"Ellipsoid","level":2,"score":0.7137261033058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5242222547531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88764893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1547722","display_name":"Ground plane","level":3,"score":0.5006296634674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4906812906265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4869195222854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4491245746612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.42405420541763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4220612049102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36217573285102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.36122941970825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3282099664211273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.264955997467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25257229804992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.251529723405838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.210126131772995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09825783967971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icc.2015.7248771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2015.7248771","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488400466","https://openalex.org/W1493327554","https://openalex.org/W1512329318","https://openalex.org/W1976691555","https://openalex.org/W1977411026","https://openalex.org/W2034288195","https://openalex.org/W2042534405","https://openalex.org/W2043799371","https://openalex.org/W2099004703","https://openalex.org/W2100271717","https://openalex.org/W2100736253","https://openalex.org/W2104964078","https://openalex.org/W2105299991","https://openalex.org/W2106977330","https://openalex.org/W2134252536","https://openalex.org/W2144878551","https://openalex.org/W2154029318","https://openalex.org/W2156279295","https://openalex.org/W2593162832","https://openalex.org/W4213032220","https://openalex.org/W6734415453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005485125","https://openalex.org/W2390718407","https://openalex.org/W1986006778","https://openalex.org/W2034124193","https://openalex.org/W2483195039","https://openalex.org/W2085363807","https://openalex.org/W2379017606","https://openalex.org/W2171970890","https://openalex.org/W2048211457","https://openalex.org/W2786645303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"three":[1],"dimensional":[2],"(3-D)":[3],"geometric":[4],"channel":[5,107],"model":[6,16],"is":[7,50,116,120,162],"proposed":[8,15],"for":[9,74,128],"air-to-ground":[10],"(A2G)":[11],"communication":[12,134],"environments.":[13],"The":[14,43],"considers":[17],"air":[18],"station":[19,24],"(AS)":[20],"and":[21,64,76,91,98,112,166],"ground":[22,48,62],"base":[23],"(BS)":[25],"located":[26],"at":[27,88],"foci":[28],"points":[29],"of":[30,39,68,82,84,104],"a":[31],"virtual":[32,56],"bounding":[33,57],"ellipsoid":[34,58],"corresponded":[35],"from":[36],"the":[37,47,61,69,110,138,141,159],"delay":[38],"longest":[40],"propagation":[41],"path.":[42],"scattering":[44,157],"region":[45],"around":[46],"BS":[49,92],"thus":[51],"designed":[52],"based":[53],"on":[54,109],"this":[55],"truncated":[59],"by":[60],"plane":[63],"average":[65],"rooftop":[66],"level":[67],"BS's":[70],"surroundings.":[71],"Closed-form":[72],"expressions":[73],"joint":[75],"marginal":[77],"probability":[78],"density":[79],"functions":[80],"(PDFs)":[81],"angle":[83],"arrival":[85],"(AoA)":[86],"observed":[87,163],"both":[89,96],"AS":[90],"in":[93,122,132],"correspondence":[94],"with":[95,147],"azimuth":[97],"elevation":[99],"planes":[100],"are":[101,145],"derived.":[102],"Impact":[103],"various":[105],"physical":[106],"parameters":[108],"elevational":[111],"azimuthal":[113],"angular":[114],"dispersion":[115],"thoroughly":[117],"observed;":[118],"which":[119],"useful":[121],"designing":[123],"advanced":[124],"signal":[125],"processing":[126],"techniques":[127],"directional":[129],"antennas":[130],"employed":[131],"aeronautical":[133],"links.":[135],"To":[136],"establish":[137],"model's":[139],"validity,":[140],"obtained":[142],"analytical":[143,167],"results":[144],"compared":[146],"simulation":[148,165],"results.":[149,168],"For":[150],"10":[151],"<sup":[152],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[153],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">5</sup>":[154],"uniformly":[155],"distributed":[156],"points,":[158],"best":[160],"matching":[161],"between":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
