{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401719105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc59979.2024.10634400","title":"How Does Stake Distribution Influence Consensus? Analyzing Blockchain Decentralization","display_name":"How Does Stake Distribution Influence Consensus? Analyzing Blockchain Decentralization","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401719105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc59979.2024.10634400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc59979.2024.10634400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc59979.2024.10634400","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013521870","display_name":"Shashank Motepalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8246-2933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashank Motepalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072791865","display_name":"Hans\u2010Arno Jacobsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-0101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Arno Jacobsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95884059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"343","last_page":"352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9291999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9165725708007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.8013410568237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5280970931053162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.4592980444431305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.43090397119522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34977391362190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.16305631399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14851799607276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14526712894439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09262585639953613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9165725708007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.8013410568237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5280970931053162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4592980444431305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43090397119522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34977391362190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.16305631399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14851799607276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14526712894439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09262585639953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc59979.2024.10634400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc59979.2024.10634400","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26659724","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1984208669","https://openalex.org/W2003771982","https://openalex.org/W2011831643","https://openalex.org/W2016944512","https://openalex.org/W2054717882","https://openalex.org/W2120510885","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2317739826","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2725542890","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2767453162","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2883173799","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2969395421","https://openalex.org/W2969506459","https://openalex.org/W2982117380","https://openalex.org/W2992252352","https://openalex.org/W3004832117","https://openalex.org/W3016124762","https://openalex.org/W3033245738","https://openalex.org/W3089443464","https://openalex.org/W3091755869","https://openalex.org/W3097679450","https://openalex.org/W3108404828","https://openalex.org/W3170841198","https://openalex.org/W3202887189","https://openalex.org/W3210789515","https://openalex.org/W3211992711","https://openalex.org/W3212581372","https://openalex.org/W4226040560","https://openalex.org/W4226079239","https://openalex.org/W4246999750","https://openalex.org/W4287888697","https://openalex.org/W4288057762","https://openalex.org/W4297779056","https://openalex.org/W4308391463","https://openalex.org/W4322770474","https://openalex.org/W4378373660","https://openalex.org/W4378767308","https://openalex.org/W4383220748","https://openalex.org/W4386486628","https://openalex.org/W4386631274","https://openalex.org/W4387415290","https://openalex.org/W4387427800","https://openalex.org/W4387560963","https://openalex.org/W4388514617","https://openalex.org/W4388857879","https://openalex.org/W4389421866","https://openalex.org/W4389509728","https://openalex.org/W4399364154","https://openalex.org/W4400909999","https://openalex.org/W4401721107","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6752964981","https://openalex.org/W6763147047","https://openalex.org/W6773412853","https://openalex.org/W6787869594","https://openalex.org/W6809829757","https://openalex.org/W6810687737","https://openalex.org/W6853455249","https://openalex.org/W6857274221","https://openalex.org/W6857572156","https://openalex.org/W6858151992","https://openalex.org/W6858712391","https://openalex.org/W6859400729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W3098545956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,5,53,64,80,87,90,133],"PoS":[2],"blockchain":[3,136],"landscape,":[4],"challenge":[6,29],"of":[7,18,79,109,129],"achieving":[8],"full":[9],"decentralization":[10,33,88,134],"is":[11,118],"often":[12],"hindered":[13],"by":[14,30,94],"a":[15,22,119,123],"disproportionate":[16],"concentration":[17,49],"staked":[19],"tokens":[20],"among":[21,50],"few":[23],"validators.":[24],"This":[25,116],"study":[26],"analyses":[27],"this":[28],"first":[31],"formalizing":[32],"metrics":[34],"for":[35,55,102],"weighted":[36],"consensus":[37,137],"mechanisms.":[38,138],"An":[39],"empirical":[40],"analysis":[41],"across":[42],"ten":[43],"permissionless":[44],"blockchains":[45],"uncovers":[46],"significant":[47],"weight":[48,75],"validators,":[51],"underscoring":[52],"need":[54],"an":[56],"equitable":[57,127],"approach.":[58],"To":[59],"counter":[60],"this,":[61],"we":[62],"introduce":[63],"Square":[65],"Root":[66],"Stake":[67],"Weight":[68],"(SRSW)":[69],"model,":[70],"which":[71],"effectively":[72],"recalibrates":[73],"staking":[74,130],"distribution.":[76],"Our":[77],"examination":[78],"SRSW":[81],"model":[82],"demonstrates":[83],"notable":[84],"improvements":[85],"in":[86,135],"metrics:":[89],"Gini":[91],"index":[92],"improves":[93],"$37.16":[95],"\\%$":[96,111],"on":[97],"average,":[98],"while":[99],"Nakamoto":[100],"coefficients":[101],"liveness":[103],"and":[104,112,126],"safety":[105],"see":[106],"mean":[107],"enhancements":[108],"$101.04":[110],"$80.09":[113],"\\%$,":[114],"respectively.":[115],"research":[117],"pivotal":[120],"step":[121],"toward":[122],"more":[124],"fair":[125],"distribution":[128],"weight,":[131],"advancing":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
