{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384009650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc56567.2023.10174934","title":"Bitcoin Double-Spending Attack Detection using Graph Neural Network","display_name":"Bitcoin Double-Spending Attack Detection using Graph Neural Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384009650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc56567.2023.10174934"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc56567.2023.10174934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc56567.2023.10174934","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043738021","display_name":"Changhoon Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799891827","display_name":"Korea Post","ror":"https://ror.org/00p45d091","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changhoon Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["POSTECH,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,South Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"POSTECH,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043217659","display_name":"Jong-Soo Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6858-6830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799891827","display_name":"Korea Post","ror":"https://ror.org/00p45d091","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongsoo Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Technology, POSTECH,South Korea","Graduate School of Information Technology, POSTECH, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Technology, POSTECH,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Technology, POSTECH, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074588447","display_name":"James Won\u2010Ki Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-7734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799891827","display_name":"Korea Post","ror":"https://ror.org/00p45d091","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Won-Ki Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["POSTECH,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,South Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"POSTECH,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799891827","https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043738021"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574","https://openalex.org/I2799891827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66590199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.7961779832839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7651612758636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.7645584344863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5542628765106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5093244314193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48558729887008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45996907353401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4174034297466278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.20822858810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16528984904289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.06528478860855103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.7961779832839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7651612758636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.7645584344863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5542628765106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5093244314193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48558729887008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45996907353401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4174034297466278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.20822858810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16528984904289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.06528478860855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc56567.2023.10174934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc56567.2023.10174934","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7100330315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"220222M01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334869","funder_display_name":"Korean National Police Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334869","display_name":"Korean National Police Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/05x57gp50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1444567531","https://openalex.org/W1995488889","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2018934112","https://openalex.org/W2097821962","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2898888873","https://openalex.org/W2949515390","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W3011136921","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6763873945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044576082","https://openalex.org/W2117396340","https://openalex.org/W2021753913","https://openalex.org/W2103566963","https://openalex.org/W2752531342","https://openalex.org/W3192332203","https://openalex.org/W2367519998","https://openalex.org/W2778378249","https://openalex.org/W2942069571","https://openalex.org/W2372888775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0,58,98],"transactions":[1,43],"include":[2],"unspent":[3],"transaction":[4,33,69,120],"outputs":[5],"(UTXOs)":[6],"as":[7,28,47],"their":[8,122],"inputs":[9],"and":[10,35],"generate":[11],"one":[12],"or":[13,40],"more":[14,41,156],"newly":[15],"owned":[16],"UTXOs":[17],"at":[18,152],"specified":[19],"addresses.":[20],"Each":[21],"U":[22],"TXO":[23],"can":[24,145],"only":[25,129],"be":[26],"used":[27],"an":[29,94,149],"input":[30],"in":[31,38,83,113,121,135,164],"a":[32,48,68,102,117],"once,":[34],"using":[36,101,127],"it":[37],"two":[39],"different":[42],"is":[44,61,70],"referred":[45],"to":[46,53,85,96],"double-spending":[49,60,99,147],"attack.":[50],"Ultimately,":[51],"due":[52],"the":[54,57,114,136,142,161,165],"characteristics":[55],"of":[56,151,160],"protocol,":[59],"impossible.":[62],"However,":[63],"problems":[64],"may":[65],"arise":[66],"when":[67,155],"considered":[71],"final":[72],"even":[73],"though":[74],"i":[75],"ts":[76],"finality":[77],"has":[78],"not":[79],"been":[80],"fully":[81],"guaranteed":[82],"order":[84],"achieve":[86],"fast":[87],"payment.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92],"propose":[93],"approach":[95],"detecting":[97],"attacks":[100],"graph":[103],"neural":[104],"network":[105,115,166],"(GNN).":[106],"This":[107],"model":[108,144],"predicts":[109],"whether":[110],"all":[111],"nodes":[112,134,163],"contain":[116],"given":[118],"payment":[119],"own":[123],"memory":[124],"pool":[125],"(mempool)":[126],"information":[128],"obtained":[130],"from":[131],"some":[132],"observer":[133,168],"network.":[137],"Our":[138],"experiment":[139],"shows":[140],"that":[141],"proposed":[143],"detect":[146],"with":[148],"accuracy":[150],"least":[153],"0.95":[154],"than":[157],"about":[158],"1%":[159],"entire":[162],"are":[167],"nodes.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}